Japanese Colonialism In Korea Essays - , Term Papers

Japanese Colonialism in Korea North and South Korea are nations that while filled with contempt for Japan have used the foundations that Japan laid during the colonial period to further industrialization. Japan's colonization of Korea is critical in underezding what enabled Korea to industrialize in the period since 1961. Japan's program of colonial industrialization is unique in the world. Japan was the only colonizer to locate various heavy industry is in its colonies. By 1945 the industrial plants in Korea accounted for about a quarter of Japan's industrial base. Japan's colonization of Korea was therefore much more comparable to the relationship between England and Ireland then that of European colonization of Asia or Africa. Japan's push to create colonial industry lead Japan to build a vast network of railroads, ports, and a system of hydro-electric dams and heavy industrial plants around the Yalu River in what is now North Korea. The Japanese to facilitate and manage the industrialization of a colony also put in place a strong central government. Although Japan's colonial industrialism in Korea was aimed at advancing Japanese policies and goals and not those of the Korean populace; colonization left Korea with distinct advantages over other developing countries at the end of World War Two. Korea was left with a base for industrializing, a high level of literacy, experience with modern commerce, and close ties to Japan. Japan's colonial heavy industrial plants were located primarily around the Yalu River in North Korea. Because of this the North had an edge in industrialization. For many years the North had the fastest growth rates of the communist countries, and its cities were on par with those of Eastern Europe. It was not until the early 1970's that the South surpassed the North in levels of industrialization. Because most of the heavy industrial plants were either located in North Korea or destroyed by the Korean War the groundwork for industrialization that South Korea received from Japanese colonialism consisted mostly of social changes. During colonialism Korea's populace in increasing numbers moved to cities and became urbanized these new urbanites worked in factories and were used to the organization of modern commerce. The Japanese also let a small number of Koreans develop into a semi-elite. Although this group never held powerful positions many of them were educated in Japanese schools, and became either involved in the military or worked as businessmen, bureaucrats, lawyers, and doctors. This elite provided much of the leadership and framework for post World War Two Korean Government in Korea. They had an intimate knowledge of Japanese companies, language, organizational structure, and government. The Korean elites that emerged after the liberation of 1945 and helped steer Korea's economic policies under Park Chung Hee had an intimate knowledge of Japan. Some of them like Park had been educated in Japanese schools, some had worked for the Japanese, and nearly all of them spoke fluent Japanese. It was this closeness to Japan both geographically and culturally that made it natural for the Koreans to use the Japanese model of industrialization when Japan's economy boomed in the 1960's and 1970's. The leaders of Korea were ambivalent about relying on Japan, on one hand they felt a profound respect for Japan and its successes and on the other a deep hatred for what Japan had done to Korea in the past. But Japan still served as a model for Park Chung Hee who normalized relations with Japan in 1965 and turned to Japan for technology, equipment, and a model for development. Some nationalistic Korean scholars say that Japan's colonialism slowed Korea's growth by exploiting Korea and disturbing its economy. But these views of Korea ignore the fundamental role that Japan's policies of industrial colonialism played in allowing Korea to Industrialize during the 1960's. Japan's colonialism improved infrastructure, urbanized the nation, educated much of the populace, gave the pubic experience with modern commerce, and indoctrinated Korean elites in the Japanese language and culture. It was Korean elites history and close ties with Japan that made them turn naturally to Japan to provide a development model. Japan's legacy of colonialism in Korea is felt not only in the many graves and monuments that attest to Japanese brutality but also

Free Essays on OSPF Terminology

OSPF Terminology Neighbor – A neighbor refers to a connected (adjacent) router that is running an OSPF process with the adjacent interface assigned to the same area. Neighbors are found by Hello packets. Adjacency - An adjacency refers to the logical connection between a router and its corresponding designated routers and backup designed routers. Link – In OSPF, a link refers to a network of a router interface assigned to any given network. Within OSPF, link is synonymous with interface. Interface – An interface is a physical interface on a router. When an interface is added to the OSPF process, it is considered by OSPF as a link. If an interface is up than a link is up. Link State Advisement – (LSA) is an OSPF data packet containing link state and routing information that is shared among OSPF routers. Designated router – (DR) is only used when the OSPF router is connected to a broadcast (multi-access) network. Backup Designated router – (BDR) is a hot standby for the DR on broadcast links. OSPF areas – OSPF areas are similar to EIGRP Autonomous Systems. Areas are used to establish a hierarchical network. It uses four types of areas. Area boarder router – (ABR) is a router that has multiple area assignments. An interface may belong to only one area. If a router has multiple interfaces and if any of these interfaces belong to different areas, the router is considered ABR. Autonomous system boundary router – (ASBR) is a router with an interface connected to an external network or a different AS. An external network or AS refers to an interface belonging to a different routing protocol. Non-broadcast multi-access – (NMBA) networks are networks such as Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM. This type of network allows for multi-access but has no broadcast ability like Ethernet. Broadcast (Multi-access) – Networks such as Ethernet allow multiple access as well as provide broadcast ability. Point-to-Point – This t... Free Essays on OSPF Terminology Free Essays on OSPF Terminology OSPF Terminology Neighbor – A neighbor refers to a connected (adjacent) router that is running an OSPF process with the adjacent interface assigned to the same area. Neighbors are found by Hello packets. Adjacency - An adjacency refers to the logical connection between a router and its corresponding designated routers and backup designed routers. Link – In OSPF, a link refers to a network of a router interface assigned to any given network. Within OSPF, link is synonymous with interface. Interface – An interface is a physical interface on a router. When an interface is added to the OSPF process, it is considered by OSPF as a link. If an interface is up than a link is up. Link State Advisement – (LSA) is an OSPF data packet containing link state and routing information that is shared among OSPF routers. Designated router – (DR) is only used when the OSPF router is connected to a broadcast (multi-access) network. Backup Designated router – (BDR) is a hot standby for the DR on broadcast links. OSPF areas – OSPF areas are similar to EIGRP Autonomous Systems. Areas are used to establish a hierarchical network. It uses four types of areas. Area boarder router – (ABR) is a router that has multiple area assignments. An interface may belong to only one area. If a router has multiple interfaces and if any of these interfaces belong to different areas, the router is considered ABR. Autonomous system boundary router – (ASBR) is a router with an interface connected to an external network or a different AS. An external network or AS refers to an interface belonging to a different routing protocol. Non-broadcast multi-access – (NMBA) networks are networks such as Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM. This type of network allows for multi-access but has no broadcast ability like Ethernet. Broadcast (Multi-access) – Networks such as Ethernet allow multiple access as well as provide broadcast ability. Point-to-Point – This t...

Upgrading of the Public Safety System of Rosa County Case Study - 1

Upgrading of the Public Safety System of Rosa County - Case Study Example Under the circumstance that the action of county authorities is influenced by changing circumstances around them, it can be said that the common strategic consideration that has necessitated the current action is that of market demand. The rationale for selecting market demand is that under this common strategic consideration, the need for change is always triggered by external and macro factors rather than internal and micro factors (Moore 32). Under this circumstance, the external factors calling for the change in the safety system of the county is the need to ensure that the county comes to such a level that can be standardized with global demands. Other macro factors including the need to advance in terms of the use of technology in the provision of safety and security have also triggered this change. As with all other market demand factors, once there is a response to what is needed by the market, stakeholders can expert growth and improvement (Moore 34). Such growth and improve ment are thus expected in the safety and security system of Rosa County. For the proposed project, a formal business requirement can be given as, â€Å"The Rosa County Public Safety Upgrading system requires the capacity to conform to modern technological demands for rapid response to safety issues. This system must bring to the people a guaranteed safety environment to go about their duties.† Value for money is a very important consideration for any form of the project, be it large, small or medium (Keen, 21). But to attain value for money, cost-benefit analysis plays the very crucial role. There are several ways of measuring cost-benefit, including quantitatively and qualitatively. In the instance of Rosa County, both methods can be applied to make a point as to whether the upgrading system will bring value for money. Once it brings value for money, then it can be said that the project is recommended for initiation.  Ã‚  

Latino Culture is Growing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Latino Culture is Growing - Research Paper Example Latino culture is certainly changing, but it is the aim of this essay to provide evidence that Latino culture is growing within the United States and as such is becoming more influential and powerful than ever before. The hypothesis of this paper is that the literature will support the notion that Latino culture is growing within the United States, and as such the operational definition will seek to define the statement above by describing the number of Latin Americans in the United States and the areas in which their culture is growing. We will define the weight of the Latin American culture in terms of number and evidence provided within the literature that it is becoming more and more influential in all areas of cultural interest. According to our hypothesis, Latino culture is growing and as such we will expect the tests we do (in this case measuring qualitative and quantitative evidence for the growth of Latino culture) to support this, providing us with an operational definition . To understand the growth of Latino culture, it is important to understand what exactly comprises it. Latino culture at its most basic level involves anything cultural that can be found predominantly amongst those within the Latin American ethnic group. It also generally refers to movements that have come from Latin America directly, or modern adaptations of this. For example, Roman Catholicism is generally thought to be a large part of Latin American culture (Phol, 1998). Music is found within all cultures, and Latino culture is no different. Latino music generally refers to music made by those of a Latin American origin, whether it be traditional forms such as salsa or adaptations of more modern American trends such as hip-hop or rock music with a distinctly Latin flavour, such as involving traditional rhythms or singing in Spanish. Language is often associated with culture too, and we will look at how the Spanish language is the most important growing language in the United Stat es and how Spanglish (a fusion of Spanish and English) is becoming more common amongst Latin American and Anglo American teens. It is hard with Latino culture, as with any culture, to pin down exactly what makes it unique, as culture changes so rapidly. However, it is safe to assume that Latino culture can be attributed to those of Latin American origin and as such most of the cultural elements discussed within this essay will be those directly formed under the influence of people of this ethnic origin. It is widely recognised that Latino culture is growing, particularly within adolescent groups. Latino teenagers now have more spending power than Anglo teens, spending over $320 a month, which is 4% more than the average American teenager (Stapinski, 1999). This means that advertising companies have had to adapt and begin to target Latino adolescents to improve profit margins, and new advertising companies such as Lazos Latinos have started to appear, primarily targeting the Latino Y outh. With this increased targeted advertising, more elements of Latino culture have been reaching a wider audience, meaning that Anglo teenagers pick up on the trends that are currently defining Latino culture and as such the trends are spreading to a wider

Language and Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language and Autism - Essay Example In 1908, Eugen Bleuler a Swiss psychiatrist coined the word "autism" in schizophrenic patients who screened themselves off and were self-absorbed. Leo Kanner, while at Johns Hopkins, was first to describe autism in 1943 (Yazbak, 2003, 103-107). Leo Kanner described children with the following common traits: impairments in social interaction anguish for changes, good memory, belated echolalia, over sensitivity to certain stimuli (especially sound), food problems, limitations in spontaneous activity, good intellectual potential, often coming from talented families. He called the children autistic (Certec, 2004). A German scientist in 1944, Dr. Hans Asperger, described a milder form of the disorder that is now known as Asperger Syndrome. Asperger Syndrome (AS) (Asperger, 1944) is a subgroup on the autistic spectrum. People with AS share many of the same features as are seen in autism, but with no history of language delay and where IQ is in the average range or above (Baron-Cohen, 2004, 73-78). For a very long time, autism and psychosis continued to be confused and to this day parents are accused of causing the serious disabilities their autistic children have. For many years, researchers searched for the underlying cause of contact and language disorders, but they realized that the disability was more complex (Certec, 2004). Just et al. (2004, 1811–1821) suggest neural basis of disordered language in autism entails a lower degree of information integration and synchronization across the large-scale cortical network for language processing.

Tuberculosis: Prevention and Treatment

Tuberculosis: Prevention and Treatment Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease which is caused by strains of mycobacteria, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis1. There are roughly one third of the worlds population are infected with tuberculosis where nine millions of new cases reported annually2. Although tuberculosis can be prevented and treated, it continues to cause millions of deaths every year2. When infected individual coughs, sneezes or spits, M. tuberculosis is propelled into the air and infected those who breathed in the bacteria that existed in droplets of saliva3. Primarily, tuberculosis will affect the lungs, known as pulmonary tuberculosis3. It will also affect other parts of body, for instance lymph nodes, bones, brain and kidneys3. Once a person is infected with tuberculosis, there are basically three possible ways may occur. Firstly, the immune system plays a vital role and strong enough to kill the bacteria3. Secondly, immune system is not strong enough to fight off the bacteria but is able to b uild a defensive barrier against the bacteria3. Individuals who are latently infected with M. tuberculosis show asymptomatic where these bacteria lie dormant in the lungs and able to reactivate after years1. The disease is often reactivated in those who are immunocompromised or generally weakened. Lastly, the immune system fails to kill bacteria causing the bacteria to grow and spread towards other parts of body which is called active tuberculosis3. In the fight of tuberculosis, World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends universal Bacille Calmette-Guà ©rin (BCG) vaccination in the countries with high TB burdens4. BCG vaccine contains weakened form of M. tuberculosis which will induce human antibodies to fight against this type of bacteria. The efficacy of BCG vaccination can be ranging from 0% to 84%5. This may be due to the frequency of TB exposure and quality of vaccine used, leading to arguments on BCG vaccination efficacies4. One of the greatest arguments is that BCG vaccination causing positive reactions to tuberculin skin testing and hence interfere with the diagnosis of latent TB4. Existence of evidences showing the rates of efficacy also depends on geographical location, age at vaccination and form of TB further complicate the situation. Currently, TB chemotherapy is made up of combination of a list of first-line drugs isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ethambutol (EMB) 6. If the treatment fails d ue to bacterial drug resistance, or patient unable to tolerate, second-line drugs for instance para-aminosalicylate (PAS), fluoroquinolones, ethionamide and cycloserine are introduced6. These are considered as second line drugs generally either less potent with larger doses regimen or more toxic with serious side effects6. Tuberculosis is presently treated in two phases, namely initial phase and continuous phase7. In initial phase, the patient will be treated with concurrent use of four first line drugs, with the aim to eradicate or control bacteria population to replicate in rapid motion and also avoid the emergence of bacteria resistance7. The treatment choices available for initial treatment include isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol7. Streptomycin is used rarely but can be used in patients who infected with bacteria that are resistant to isoniazid before the therapy is commenced7. The duration for initial phase is 2 months whereas the continuous phase takes 4 months7. During the four months of continuous phase, patients are treated with isoniazid and rifampicin at same doses7. Most of the TB treatment is supervised where drug administration needs to be fully supervised by healthcare professions since lengthy duration of treatment causing incompliance in patients7. These patients who are unlikely to be compliance will be given the drugs three times a week until the course is completed while patients who able to comply with the treatment will not be supervised7. Despite the chemotherapy treatment and BCG vaccine, TB remains as a significant infectious disease due to increasing emergence of drug resistant TB and co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 6. Since the host defense in HIV patients is suppressed, they are more susceptible to TB infections. Moreover, drug- drug interactions between antiviral therapy and anti-TB also causing complications in treating co-infected patients6. Drug resistant TB has evolved mainly because of improper treatment or incompliance in patients who stop taking their medications before the bacteria is being fully eradicated since the duration of treatment is lengthy which takes 6-9 months8, 9. The mechanism involved includes chromosomal mutations in genes that responsible for drug targets encoding9. When there is a sequential accumulation of mutations, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) emerges where the M. tuberculosis strains will resistant to two of the most commonly used drugs, Isoniazid and Rifampicin9. Patients with MDR-TB are then relying on the second-line drug classes, fluoroquinolones and the three injectable agents namely amikacin, capreomycin, and kanamycin10, 11. The chances to cure would dramatically be reduced for patients who infected with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), a situation where the isolated strains are resistant against any one of fluoroquinolones and at least one of three injectable drugs6. In order to combat with the MDR-TB or XDR-TB and optimize the tuberculosis drug regimen, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of action of current using first-line drugs and how resistance is developed against these drugs. Isoniazid (INH) or isonicotinic acid hydrazide is discovered in 1952, a bactericidal agent which active against organism of the genus Mycobacterium, especially M. tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. kansassi6, 12. In vivo, INH has shown to be bactericidal in culture over the first 48 hours which become bacteriostatic after this particular time frame12. This indicates that INH is bacteriostatic for slow replicating bacilli but is bactericidal against rapidly dividing mycobacterium. The minimal tuberculostatic concentration is 0.025 to 0.05ug/ml13. INH is a prodrug that needs to be activated by catalaseperoxide hemoporotein, KatG before acts by inhibiting mycolic acid synthesis and cell wall disruption in susceptible mycobacterium13, 14. This inhibitory action is only targeted to mycobacteria since other bacteria do not contain mycolic acid in the cell wall13. INH acts by inhibit enoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) reductase, InhA, and a beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase, KasA that are crucial in fatt y acid synthesis system for mycolic acid15. Resistance to INH is believed due to mutations in gene encoding catalaseperoxidase katG or InhA or lacking KatG 9, 14. Isoniazid is metabolised in the liver, mainly by acetylation and dehydrazination where slow acetylator may experience higher concentration leads to potential toxicity before excreted in the urine within 24 hours13. Rifampicin (RIF), discovered in 1963, is a lipophilic semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin antibiotic which is produced by the fermentation of a strain of Amycolatopsis mediterranei6, 9, 16. RIF has bactericidal activities against a broad spectrum of microorganisms including gram-positive and gram-negative. RIF will inhibit the action of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of mycobacteria that is encoded by rpoB through formation of a stable drug-enzyme complex9. This will suppress the initiation chain formation in RNA synthesis and hence prohibit protein synthesis in M. tuberculosis9. Development of resistance to RIF is mostly due to mutation in 81 base pair region of rpoB gene thus facilitate a straightforward approach to detect MDR-TB since 85-90% RIF-resistant strains are also resistant to INH9. RIF produces peak plasma concentration of 7ug/mL in 2 to 4 hours after ingestion of 600mg17. It also distributed well to most of the body tissues and fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid since it is lipophilic17. Following absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, RIF is eliminated rapidly in the bile with fewer amounts excreted through urine17. Pyrazinamde (PZA) is discovered in 1954 and it produces excellent sterility effects against semidormant tubercle bacilli at slightly acidic pH6, 9. The antimicrobial activity of PZA is through interference with mycolic acid synthesis in M. tuberculosis by pyrazinoic acid, an active moiety of PZA9. Conversion of PZA to pyrazinoic acid is mediated by pyrazinamidase enzyme that is encoded by pncA gene in M. tuberculosis, thus indicating that these bacilli are sensitive to PZA9. Resistance against PZA evolved when mutation occur at pncA gene that is responsible for pyrazinamidase, hence affecting the activity of this enzyme9. PZA is well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and is widely distributed to most tissues and fluid too17. The oral administration of 500 mg PZA produces plasma concentrations of 9-12ug/ml after two hours and 7ug/ml after 8 hours17. PZA is metabolized in liver whereas the metabolites are excreted through renal glomerular filtration17. Ethambutol (EMB) is discovered in 1962, acts as bacteriostatic agent and is active against undergoing cell division6, 18. EMB primarily targets on impairment of cell wall polymerization by inhibits arabinosy transferase, a vital enzyme responsible for mycobacteria cell wall biosynthesis9, 18. Since arabinosy transferase enzyme is encoded by embC-embA-embB genes, resistance against EMB evolved is believed due to mutation of these genes9. EMB is currently used as one of the first-line treatment for tuberculosis mainly because of its synergistic effect with other front-line drugs and its low toxicity property18. There is roughly 75-80% of an oral dose of EMB is rapidly absorbed in gastrointestinal tract with absorption unaffected when administered with foods19. In addition, EMB is distributed widely to body tissues and fluid, including cerebrospinal fluid before being metabolized in the liver and excreted in urine19. Streptomycin (SM) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, used as first line treatment for TB when it first discovered in 19441, 6. Streptomycin is isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces griseus and its antimicrobial effects against M. tuberculosis is highly effective when use in combination with other first line agents20. However, SM is no longer considered as first line treatment as resistance against it has developed rapidly1. The optimum pH for SM is at pH8 where its bacteriostatic activity will reduce with increasingly acidic environment20. SM acts by binding tightly to A site of 16S ribosomal RNA subunit, interferes with mRNA translation, causing faulty protein being produced1, 9. Resistant emergence when the mutation occurs at gene rpsL and rrs that encoded for 16S and S12 ribosomal protein1, 9. Upon administration, SM is poorly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and mostly administered parentally1. SM is mostly excreted in urine and patients with low renal profile might experienc e toxicity such as neurotoxic reactions1. When the first line treatment is no longer suitable for patients or patients develop multi-drug resistance TB, second line drugs will then be introduced in combating the TB. Second line drugs that are mostly used include Ethionamide (ETH), Cycloserine (CS), Para-Aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) and Fluoroquinolones (FQ). ETH has been in use since 1960s, is a structural analogue of INH and it targets at inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis in tubercle bacilli9, 21. INH however is much more potent than ETH since the minimal inhibitory concentration for ETH is 0.5-5.0ug/mL21. Resistance evolved due to mutation at gene InhA and ethA which encode for oxygenase enzyme in activation of ETH 9. In vitro, CS has inhibitory effect on M. tuberculosis at 5-200ug/mL and there is no cross resistance occurred between CS and other drugs13. CS acts by interfereing the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall13. CS is well absorbed in gastrointestinal tract and also widely distributed to body tissues and fluid including cerebrospinal fluid13. PAS was first introduced as first line drug but being replaced by Ethambutol in 1960s1. It acts bacteriostatically with possessing inhibitory effect at concentration less than 1mg/ml by interfere with folic acid metabolism in bacteria1. PAS is readily absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and distributed well throughout the body. Approximately 80% of the drugs will be excreted via kidney after being metabolized to acetylated form1. Moxifloxacin and Gatifloxacin are both been synthesized and evaluated as excellent bactericidal agents through inhibiting DNA gyrase, an ATP-dependent enzymes topoisomerase II which is responsible in bacteria DNA transcription9. DNA gyrase is consisted of two subunits that is arranged in a complex, is encoded by two different genes, gyrA and gyrB where mutations at gyrA will normally cause bacteria resistance to these new generation of flouroquinolones9. Due to the increasing incidence of multidrug resistance TB, it is highly desirable to develop new drugs that are not only potent and effective against current resistant strains of M. tuberculosis but also possess shorter treatment duration since most of the incompliance of patients is brought up by lengthy TB treatment. Most of the mechanisms of action of current treatments are involved in interfering the bacterial DNA synthesis, protein and mycolic cell wall biosynthesis. The enzymes that participate in these pathways could also be the target of newly designed drugs such as TMC207, one of the new drugs which are currently under investigations and clinical trials. TMC207 is a member of diarylquinoline class of compound which target at adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase by binding to subunit C of the synthase, blocking the energy pathway of mycobacteria22, 23. In vitro, TMC207 not only possesses ability to inhibit both drug sensitive and resistant M. tuberculosis isolates, but also able to sterilize the patient through killing the dormant bacilli bactericidally22. TMC207 showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.03ug/mL against M. tuberculosis, suggesting a more potent agent compared to current first- line treatments such as isoniazid and rifampicin23. Apart from that, its synergistic effect with pyrazinamide could promise as effective drug combination for sterilizing the patients against TB22. A phase I clinical trials which involved short terms administration of TMC207 in healthy individuals showing no adverse effects and the subjects are well tolerated with it23. However, it is essential to investigate the selectivity of TMC207 again st mammalian ATP synthase with longer periods to ensure the patients safety when administered with TMC207. Thiacetazone (TAC) is widely used as second line anti-TB agent against multiresistant tuberculosis at present24. TAC acts by interferes the biosynthesis pathway of mycolic acid in tubercle bacilli24. The fact that M. tuberculosis has been difficult to eradicate and remains persistent is due to its cell wall that composed of mycolic acid which is resistant against chemical injury, dehydration and also has low permeability to antibiotics24. Mycolic acid contains cyclopropane rings that is activated through cyclopropane mycolic acid synthase (CMASs), has a significant contribution to tuberculosis24. By inhibiting the cyclopropanation, the cell wall biosynthesis will then be interrupted, introducing the bactericidal effects24. The aim of this research is to synthesis and evaluates the analogues of Thiacetazone which might be potential anti tuberculosis agents. The analogues will be tested against different strains of mycobacteria in lab. The target actions of these analogues will also be identified based on the structure of the analogues. The above analogue is synthesized when a benzylaldehyde reacts with a primary amine. This is a condensation process and an imine is produced. The changes at position R1 to R3 with different electron withdrawing groups are first planned to be evaluated. However, the plan is prohibited since the corresponding structures are either unavailable or too expensive that falling outside the budget. After revised on the previous analogues that were discovered and their respective MIC values obtained from lab, the structures of new analogues that are going to be evaluated are finally sorted out. The R1 to R3 positions would be replaced by either a -chloro or a -methoxy with R8 position would either be an amine, a methyl or a benzene ring. A chloro is used at position R1 to R3 since it is electron withdrawing, big and lipophilic molecule whereas the methoxy group is electron donating, small and quite lipophilic. For R8 position, an amine is selected because it is electron withdrawing and small. A methyl is also selected since it is quite lipophilic, small and electron donating. On the other hand, benzene ring which is highly lipophilic, neither electron donating nor withdrawing group might have a different effect on the analogue synthesized. References: Patrick Brennan, Douglas Young (2008). Tuberculosis. 88(2), 85-86, 137-138, 162-163. Health Protection Agency. http://www.hpa.org.uk/HPA/ National Health Services. http://www.nhs.uk/Pages/HomePage.aspx Zaida Araujoa, Jacobus Henri de Waard, Carlos Fernà ¡ndez de Larrea, Rafael Borges, Jacinto Convit (2008). The effect of Bacille Calmette-Guà ©rin vaccine on tuberculin reactivity in indigenous children from communities with high prevalence of tuberculosis. Vaccine 26, 5575-5581. Hart and Sutherland (1977). BCG and vole bacillus vaccines in the prevention of tuberculosis in adolescence and early adult life. Br Med J2(6082), 293-295. Global Alliance for TB Drug Development. http://www.tballiance.org/home/home.php 57th edition of British National Formulary: Section on Tuberculosis drugs, 316-317. Blumberg, H. M. et al. (2003). American Thoracic Society/ Centers for Disease and Prevention/ Infectious Disease Society of American: treatment of TB. Am.J.Respir.CareMed.167, 603-662. Suhail Ahmad and Eiman Mokaddas (2009). Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Respiratory Medicine 103(12), 1777-1790. Frieden TR, Sherman LF, Maw KL, et al. (1996). A multi-institutional outbreak of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis: epidemiology and clinical outcomes. JAMA 276, 1229-1235. Mukherjee JS, Rich ML, Socci AR, et al. (2004). Program and principles in treatment od multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Lancet 363, 474-481. Zhang Y. et al. (2003). Isoniazid. Tuberculosis 2, 739-758. Hardmn, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B Molinoff, R.W. Ruddon, A.G. Goodman (2006). Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9, 1164-1165. Zhang Y, Heym B, Allen B, Young D, Cole S (1992). The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Nature 358, 591-593. Richard A. Slayden, Richard E. Lee and Clifton E. Barry (2002). Molecular Microbiology 38(3), 514-525. Rup Lal, Sukanya Lal (2005). Recent trends in rifamycin research. BioEssays 16(3), 211-216. Hardmn, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B Molinoff, A.G Gilman (2001). Goodman and Gilmans The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10, 1278-1281. Raghunandan Yendapally and Richard E. Lee (2008). Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel ethambutol analogues. Bioorganic and Medical chemistry Letters 18(5), 1607-1611. McEvoy, G.K. (2007). Admerican Hospital Formulary Service. Besthesda, 551. Selman A. Waksman (1953). Streptomycin: Background, Isolation, Properties and Utilisation. Science, 118(3062), 259-266. Sampson AE, Barry CE (1999). Abstract General Meeting American Society Microbiology. 99, 635. Andreas H.D., Alexander Pym, Martin Grobusch et al. (2009). The Diarylquinoline TMC207 for Multidrug- Resistant Tuberculosis. 360(23), 2397-2405. Anna C. Haagsma, Rooda Abdillahi-Ibrahim, Marijke J. Wagner, Klaas Krab, Karen Vergauwen, Jerome Guillemont, Koen Andries, Holger Lill, Anil Koul, and Dirk Bald (2009). Selectivity of TMC207 towards mycobacterial ATP synthase compared with that towardsthe Eukaryotic homologue. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 53(3), 1290-1292. Anuradha Alahari, Xavier Trivelli, Yann Guà ©rardel, Lynn G. Dover, Gurdyal S. Besra, James C. Sacchettini, Robert C. Reynolds, Geoffrey D. Coxon, Laurent Kremer (2007). Thiacetazone, an Antitubercular Drug that Inhibits Cyclopropanation of Cell Wall Mycolic Acids in mycobacteria. PloS ONE, 2(12): e1343. Mycolic acids are a complex mixture of branched, long-chain fatty acids, representing key components of the highly hydrophobic mycobacterial cell wall. Pathogenic mycobacteria carry mycolic acid sub-types that contain cyclopropane rings. Double bonds at specific sites on mycolic acid precursors are modified by the action of cyclopropane mycolic acid synthases (CMASs). The latter belong to a family of S-adenosyl-methionine-dependent methyl transferases, of which several have been well studied in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, namely, MmaA1 through A4, PcaA and CmaA2. Cyclopropanated mycolic acids are key factors participating in cell envelope permeability, host immunomodulation and persistence of M. tuberculosis. While several antitubercular agents inhibit mycolic acid synthesis, to date, the CMASs have not been shown to be drug targets. We have employed various complementary approaches to show that the antitubercular drug, thiacetazone (TAC), and its chemical analogues, inhibit mycolic acid cyclopropanation. Dramatic changes in the content and ratio of mycolic acids in the vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG, as well as in the related pathogenic species Mycobacterium marinum were observed after treatment with the drugs. Combination of thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses of mycolic acids purified from drug-treated mycobacteria showed a significant loss of cyclopropanation in both the ?- and oxygenated mycolate sub-types. Additionally, High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HR-MAS) NMR analyses on whole cells was used to detect cell wall-associated mycolates and to quantify the cyclopropanation status of the cell envelope. Further, overexpression of cmaA2, mmaA2 or pcaA in mycobacteria partially reversed the effects of TAC and its analogue on mycolic acid cyclop ropanation, suggesting that the drugs act directly on CMASs. This is a first report on the mechanism of action of TAC, demonstrating the CMASs as its cellular targets in mycobacteria. The implications of this study may be important for the design of alternative strategies for tuberculosis treatment.

The Euthyphro Dilemma Essay -- Philosophy Plato Euthyphro

The Euthyphro Dilemma In Plato's dialogue, 'Euthyphro', Socrates presents Euthyphro with a choice: `Is what is pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved [by the gods]?' Euthyphro responds by asserting that piety is that which is approved [loved] or sanctioned by the gods; whence impiety is whatever is disapproved of by the gods. However, as Socrates points out, the question poses a dilemma for those who believe as Euthyphro does that Truth is revealed by divine authority alone. Now, a dilemma is an argument forcing a choice of two unfavourable alternatives. The important point here is that the alternatives must be equally unfavourable. Simply to be faced with two alternatives is not to be faced with a dilemma. To appreciate why each of the options set out above are unpalatable for Euthyphro, we need to unpack the import of each alternative carefully. In drawing out the implications of Socrates' argument, I intend to substitute the word `God' for Plato's `gods'; this change will not affect the potency of the argument, and will make the dilemma more topical and relevant to the modern reader. Essentially, the dilemma faced by Euthyphro is this: If it is maintained that certain actions and dispositions are good simply because God favours them, then it seems that the distinction between good and evil, right and wrong, is purely arbitrary; for no reason can be given why God should favour one kind of action rather than another. The distinction is solely a matter of God's `taste', just as it is a matter of my taste that I prefer prawns to oysters. As no reason can be given why God should favour, say, justice and kindness, he might equally have favoured their opposites. In which case ... ...d so, the dilemma has not been resolved completely after all. Undoubtedly, anyone holding a theistic conception of morality must find some place for divinely revealed moral commands; but it may be that in so doing the theist weakens their resolution of the dilemma. On the one hand, they want to say that the question of whether an alleged special revelation concerning moral matters comes from God is to be answered in the light of our rationally established criteria of good and evil. This suggests that morality has no need of revelation. On the other hand, they want to say that, for the theist, ultimate questions of good and evil cannot be answered apart from reference to special revelation. This suggests that, in the final analysis, our reason is inadequate as a source of the knowledge of good and evil. It is hard to see how the theist can have it both ways.

Royal Wedding Media Coverage

Example of a great media coverage The Royal wedding in 2011 Many PR specialists define the Royal Wedding of Kate Middleton and prince William as the PR event of the year. It is a proof that a well- managed event can resonate for months or even years. It has set the beginning of the reputation building of this new family. As Pagefield's founder and senior partner Mark Gallagher argues, the event not only promoted the young couple, but also gave the monarchy, London and the UK a boost. Before the event, there was an estimated number of 8500 journalists expected to arrive in London from abroad.More than 36 broadcasters, such as BBC, Sky News, ABC, NBC, CBS, Al-Jazeera etc. ; were housed in a special structure, built close to the Westminster Abbey, where the wedding took place. Apart from nearly 2000 guests, 40 broadcast cameras, 12 photographers and 28 reporters from national, international and regional media were expected. More than 100 overseas broadcasting organizations were transmit ting the event. BBC had the biggest broadcasting presence with around 550 people staff at a cost of ? 2 million. The US networks have begun their coverage at 3 a. m. n the west coast. 64% of Americans said that they believe that the event has received too much attention in the media, however 28% of US citizens have admitted that they have followed the wedding very closely. The wedding’s audience has reached 2 billion people worldwide. According to Google, there are over 162 million web pages mentioning the wedding. It was estimated to bring ? 630 million into the economy. All these facts are a proof that the event has received great, or even excessive media ; editorial coverage worldwide and has reached a huge number of people.This has probably turned it into the TV (PR) event of the century. An example of the number of articles that only CNN has concerning the Royal wedding: http://edition. cnn. com/SPECIALS/2011/royal. wedding/ . —————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. http://www. prweek. com/uk/features/1124547/the-power-books-top-5-pr-campaigns-2011/ [ 2 ]. http://www. guardian. co. uk/uk/2011/apr/28/royal-wedding-media-tv-audience [ 3 ]. http://www. guardian. co. uk/news/datablog/2011/apr/29/royal-wedding-numbers-figures

Claudio Monteverdis Orfeo and the development of Baroque Op essays

Claudio Monteverdis Orfeo and the development of Baroque Op essays Any aspiring musician in this day and age should expect certain things from opera productions; drama, lyricism, and sensitive instrumental accompaniment. But if we observe operas written in the 16th century, we will find a very different style of vocal drama, a formality and dryness that has all but vanished in operas developing past the baroque, classical, and romantic eras. Then, is it possible to trace the seeds of expressive opera back to a specific work or composer at the dawn of the baroque? When asked to consider this question, the opera Orfeo, and its composer, Claudio Monteverdi, inevitably comes to mind, as possessing these seeds for future growth. But how can one justify giving credit to Orfeo, and to Monteverdi, for such radical change in the opera world over the years to follow? _____Before Monteverdi entered the baroque opera scene (which was early in the 17th century), opera was established as a lavish and extravagant, although not entirely refined art. Evolving from the intermedi and the madrigal-cycles of the late 16th century, opera was reserved for royalty and their special events, and was more theatrical than musical. Opera relied on costumes and scenery to bedazzle the audience, rather than the expressive lines that Monteverdi would later write into his recitatives (Grout 277-278). Instrumentation was sparse, and usually unspecified. Composers and scholars alike could not agree on the extent to which Greek theatre (almost exclusively emulated in opera and theatre at the time) should be sung, or performed. A Florentine scholar named Girolamo Mei theorized that the entire drama should be sung, in his books De Modis Musicis. Most of Mei's research took place in the 1560s, and was later discussed by an informal gathering of scholars in Florence kn own as the Camarata, lead by Giovanni Bardi (Grout 279-180). At the same time in Mantua, Cesare Gonzaga (Duke of Guastalla) founded the Mantuan Academy (the group...

Het Behouden Huis essays

Het Behouden Huis essays Ik heb dit boek gekozen nadat ik de achterkant had gelezen, hierop stonden een paar uitspraken over dit boek die mij nieuwsgierig maakten, zoals bijvoorbeeld: het behouden huis heeft zeker niets kinderlijks en dient zeer nadrukkelijk voor volwassenen te worden voorbehouden. Jos. Panhuysen, Het Binnenhof 10-5-52. of Het is in het geheel niet aangenaam om te lezen . Het boek van Anne de Vries zal dat voor de meeste meer zijn. Jos. Panhuysen, De Gelderlander 21-5-52. Ik had nog nooit van deze mensen gehoord maar toch wilde ik graag weten wat ze met deze uitspraken bedoelden. Ook is het een boek dat over de oorlog gaat, wat ik altijd een interessant onderwerp vindt om over te lezen. Ik verwachtte een spannend boek waar veel in gevochten zou worden, maar na het lezen bleek het een vrij saai boek te zijn dat eigenlijk helemaal niet leuk is om te lezen, net als verteld werd in de recensies. Als soldaat in een partizanen leger ergens in Oost Europa bevrijdt de hoofdpersoon een dorp, In het leger zelf heeft hij geen vrienden, hij kan de meeste mensen zelfs niet verstaan. De enige waar hij een beetje contact heeft is een Spanjaard die hij Yesero noemt, ook al is dat niet zijn echte naam. In het dorp krijgt hij van zijn sergeant opdracht te gaan zoeken naar boobytraps, en tijdens zijn tocht door het dorp ziet hij een mooi huis staan. Hij gaat naar binnen en verbaast zich erover dat alles nog zo netjes en onderhouden is, er is zelfs nog warm water. Als hij een tijdje in het huis is en een warm bad genomen heeft besluit hij dat hij hier blijft wonen en zich uitgeeft voor de eigenaar van het huis. Op een gegeven moment staat er een Duitse officier bij hem aan de deur die hem vraagt of er Duitse soldaten in het huis gestationeerd mogen worden. Hij stemt toe om zichzelf niet te ve ...

CLIMATE CARS MARKETING REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CLIMATE CARS MARKETING REPORT - Essay Example and also, for rented cabs in the country. At the end of the research, the paper would comment on the tactical ways through which climate cars can augment their performance in the next three years. The learnt from the essay would help to analyze the significance of marketing and its development over time. The essay will also give a detailed view of the nature of the automobile industry in U.K. Contents Growth of science and technology over time has proved to be advantageous for modernization in the world. Living standards of the individuals have radically improved with the contribution of modern technologies. However, with time, ecological balance of the environment is depleting substantially. This paper would try to focus on ‘Climate Cars’, which is a company engaging in providing eco-friendly transport services in United Kingdom (U.K.). The report would perfectly analyze the market for eco-friendly transportation in U.K. and also, for rented cabs in the country. At the end of the research, the paper would comment on the tactical ways through which climate cars can augment their performance in the next three years. The learnt from the essay would help to analyze the significance of marketing and its development over time. The essay will also give a detailed view of the nature of the automobile industry in U.K. ... Educated individuals in the contemporary world are taking prompt initiatives to ensure protection and preservation of environment. This report would try to focus on the business of ‘Climate Cars’, which is a company engaging in eco-friendly transportation services in United Kingdom (U.K.). At the end of the research, the paper would comment on the strategic ways through which climate cars can enhance their performance in the next three years (Hakim, 2000). The learnt from the essay report would help to examine the importance of marketing and its evolution over time. However, the paper would also put some emphasis on the growing consciousness of environmental protection nowadays (Casals and Garcia, 2013). History of Eco-Friendly Transportation in United Kingdom After the World War, Industrial Revolution had increased the aggregate demand and wealth thresholds in the market. From 1950 to 1979, number of vehicles in U.K. had increased by 500%. It was at this point of time w hen Transport Planning became a crucial segment of engineering in U.K. After the global oil crisis in 1973 and the global energy crisis in 1979, the market analysts in U.K. had started understanding the importance if Sustainable Transportation (Parker, 2009). Since then, many private companies had started to contemplate manufacturing hybrid cars in U.K. Figure 1: First Electric Car (Source: Parker, 2009) The above picture is of the first electric car built by a Victorian inventor, Thomas Parker. Over time, there were many companies who have engaged in the manufacture of electric cars in the market. Analysis of the Present Market At present, there are many multinational companies that operate in the market of U.K. for

Innovation and Tradition in French Music since 1920 Essay

Innovation and Tradition in French Music since 1920 - Essay Example The various elements which began to be incorporated into this style worked with new sounds and methodologies of the works while adding in a sense of innovation that broke from the musical traditions of the past. French Music in the 1920s The importance of Les Six in the 1920s of France was important not only because of the changes in classical music. There were also attempts to express the political and social changes that were occurring within France and at a global level. France was currently experiencing the political movements of revolution and war, specifically which began to emerge in the late 1800s. The time period which led to more experimentation was after World War I. The general ideology of those that were in France during this time was based on finding a sense of freedom from the past of politics with an understanding of the complexities from the suffering of war as well as the new philosophies based on freedom. This led to the exploratory nature of the music and the new expressions which showed the modern complexity of the time. The war, as well as the corruptions in politics was then able to guide in new philosophies and ideologies into a sense of modernism1. With the changes in politics, were also alterations in identity among the French culture. This was based on the ideas of nationalism, specifically which expressed a new ideology by understanding that France needed to regain an identity outside of the wars that were being fought. The ideal of patriotism of France, as well as the identity of changing the cultural aspects that were associated with France became the main objectives. This was combined with the concept of modernity, specifically which came from the growth of the industrial era. France created an ideology of identity based on moving into innovation and modernity, as well as placing this around the pride for the country. The reflection in the music was then based on the ideals of innovation and experimentation that could represent th e new French style2. Background of Les Six Les Six began to develop in 1917, with the leader of the group, Jean Cocteau. This French composer took the names from the Russian and German movements which were also interested in experimentation and innovation. However, the ideals moved against the other experimentation aspects, such as from Richard Wagner. The individuals who made this group included Georges Auric, Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc and Germaine Taillefaire. It was noted that the importance of this group was based not only on the ideal of composition with a rebellion of other types of music. More important, there was a creation of commercial advertising and an understanding that the music made would be French and for those interested in creating a specialized type of music that represented the nation3. The basics of Les Six not only were based on the six individuals who held specific relationships to the music and what was occurring. There was also a direct association with the outside influences, which the group began to accept or reject as a part of their works. The first way in which this was done was through the outside influences and theories that began to enter Paris as it became a world – renowned place for travel. The World fair of 1894 as well as the fluctuation of individuals visiting the region from around the world began to move those interested in music into new theories. American, Russian and German influences were three of the strongest areas which began