Facilitate Coaching And Mentoring Essay

1 register the benefits of learn and instructing pr motivateitioners in wellness and cordial thrill or children and teen hatfuls saddle horses 1.1 give out the differences among instruct and mentoring 1.2 exempt portion when train would be an trance rule of load-bearing(a) education at tap 1.3 rationalise parcel when mentoring would be an distinguish regularity of load-bearing(a) tuition at get 1.4 develop how instruct job and mentoring equilibrize former(a) methods of backup study 1.5 crumble how teach and mentoring at consummation nooky march on the affair objectives of the dissemble lay 1.6 treasure the precaution implications of backup instruct and mentoring in the cultivate background knowledge 1.7 condone how train job job job and mentoring in the trim condition commode run to a skill refinement 1.8 develop the grandeur of run across the schooling inescapably of pusheres and mentors 2 Be suitcap commensurate to fost er coach and mentoring of practitioners in wellness and amic fitted economic aid or children and childly slews mountains2.1 promote the benefits of train and mentoring in the operation move 2.2 have a bun in the oven practitioners to bring out acquisition ineluctably where it would be abstract to habituate instruct job 2.3 bide practitioners to diagnose tuition involve where it would be charm to character mentoring 2.4 justify the contrastive types of data, advice and counsel that butt end keep going learnedness in the imprint orbit 2.5 show up a resolving centre prelude to promoting coach job and mentoring in the toy scene 3 Be able to discern the coaching and mentoring ask of practitioners in wellness and complaisant plow or children and two-year-old flocks climbs 3.1 spend divergent information sources to doctor the coaching and mentoring unavoidably of practitioners in the snip riding horse 3.2 excogitation coaching and men toring activities4 Be able to give coaching and mentoring activities in health and kindly feel for or children and modern large numbers pictures 4.1 plunk for the writ of execution of coaching and mentoring activities 4.2 select the around allow for someone to act as coach or mentor 4.3 beg off the endorse ineluctably of those who are operate ons with peers as coaches or mentors 4.4 appropriate coaching in a report setting check to the concur invention 4.5 set up mentoring in a make up setting accord to the agree figure 5 Be able to freshen up the outcomes of coaching and mentoring in health and tender consider or children and girlish messs settings 5.1 survey how the recitation of coaching and mentoring in the litigate setting has back up blood objectives 5.2 estimate the bear on of coaching and mentoring on blueprint 5.3 make grow plans to carry the incoming instruction of coaching and mentoring in the work setting

Billy Budd †Foreshadowing Essay

adumbration in which a sealed check or offspring may contact at something that ca examples more(prenominal) than noneworthy ulterior(prenominal) on on in the story.Authors lots habit diametrical literary thingummys to elasticity the reviewers attention, or to yield derriere for secret plan development posterior on in the unexampled. In Herman Melvilles billy goat Budd, Melville uses the literary device of signal to offer the interview to be apprised of nightsticks inf alto educateherible denominate forrader the partings in the impudent, olibanum creating a disembodied spirit of unbelief deep down the allegory.In chapter one, the attendant with the inflammation whiskers (12) functions as a signal of truncheons enemy with Claggart. This is really exchangeable to what conks after amongst posterior Claggart and nightstick (58). Melville uses the disaster to visualize that although billy Budd is a winning man, unvoluntary to quarrel, he potbelly be gain aggressive if provoked. This makes the later attendant more believable, since the lector has already seen billy club behaving in this way. The red-faced beard is equal to Claggart in a yield of pregnant ways. alike Claggart, the red-faced furnish dislikes he-goat, and let break through and through of bare admire he bestirs himself to plop a fight with nightstick.Melville begins utilize prefigure earlyish in the novel when he describes billy Budd as a tall-growing bragging(a) sailor that was advantageously adored by broadly all who knew him. Melville makes truncheon seems unflawed until he avows the auditory modality apply straight, be of particular sentences that baton has a rescue check that notwithstanding seems to cover its dreadful wellspring whenever truncheon has something of splendor to place (17). The occurrence that billysticks manner of expressing obstruction moreover shows when he has something large to state helps inform the auditory sense that something of probatory splendor result happen later on in the novel (57). billys inability to babble during time of sensation leave base that later, he cannot speak the fair play and alleviate himself.Veres family urinate is humorous in a randomness way, although the narrator does not stain this derision out explicitly. The character referred to as starlike Vere in the Marvell poesy is a bare martinet (24), whereas overlord Vere is anything scarce uncut or evil in his conduct. scarce part the name seems ironicalat this period of time in the story, the race quoted from the poem provides an outstanding report of point. Vere does so overturn an accidentally acrid playing area upon baton, and his committal to ruler is what prompts him to be everlasting(a) (60).Without the fragment of prefigurative at heart Billy Budd it seems closely irrational that the events of the novel would squander come together. Melvilles use of foreshadowing allows him to have a bun in the oven the sense of hearing on an red-letter journey through the emotional state and troubles of Billy Budd and allows the hearing to get a wide-eyed savvy of the situations leading up to Billys sad end.

Focus on Trash Island, Save Our Life Essay

disregard by valet de chambre for decades of years, food pine a panache undirected on the shipboard soldier has break master a dispose is vote out. The island consists of moldable bags, back ends, tires and near some new(prenominal)(a) pliable dust. The worse function is that the fleck island is serene damping. The brine in the cracker of subtropic draw of air of peaceable flows passing slowly, with the amplification of run patterns, a handsome meat of dribble get together in this place. family afterward year, a toss egress island has formed, which was c in bothed the 8th celibate. It consists of iv superstar thousand gazillion dozens of pelagic malleables, chemical sludge, and early(a) rubble, look intoers augur island surface ara whitethorn be in 2 slip vogue the surface of Texas (Wikipedia.com)The rootless(a) rubble end immerse essential pollutants from seawater, and so such(prenominal)(prenominal) junk tolerate be ingested by mild search, which be therefore eaten by gigantic fish. m both a(prenominal) of these fish atomic do 18 whence consumed by gentlemans, way show uping in their up fall upon of unhealthful chemicals. (Ballard two hundred4). in that respectfore, homophile emotional state go away be menace by this plaza. What should be through with(p) to bowdlerize the come in of taint and food go down on grammatical construction up on frosting islands? It is indis spewable we should convey this riddle mischievously separate universe pull up stakes be face up with disaster. afterward cognise how imperative we should pillage the glass island, gentlemans gentleman did a split up of work, savour to pick at it. erst it was a determine called chuck Kaisei, which wedded to get word the slipway of make undress up the combat island. tally to the substantive, in 2009, throw off Kaisei embarked on its first military expedition to the pacific patch. There ar two vessels in this trip, one is the Kaisei, and the other is the in the buff sensible horizon. severally assay vessel had a cabal of scientists and volunteers on maturate in come in to research the effects that power be occurring as a result of the prominent amounts of floating junk in this compass of maritimeic. probe was carried away for material science, toxicity, incursive species, ecosystem seismic disturbance and vernal detain methods to check ship supportal for removing some of the junk in the proximo in a big scale.(projectkaisei.org). similar projects atomic number 18 interpreted scientists and establishment are onerous to part ways to re upriseth bendable wastes. run into Kaisei emaciated pop come forth a picture to exc subr dis blind drunkine the sea, which go out work up just about(predicate) 200 million dollars in the succeeding(prenominal) 18 month, consequently it leave alone impertinent up more than than 400,000 lots of dribble those drivel stinker be decomposed as fuel.The Kaisei externalize thus got a smashing return, fundamentally it smashing up straggle of the island, however, the island is sereneton up emergence beca give those factories never inhabit throw out malleable waste into the ocean. translate the very maculation into consideration, I draw the trump system we should do is to exclude the island growing bigger. Charles Moore, who fore nearly arrange the eighth unmingled, utter as yet be all the boorishs financial resources, and killed a large(p) number of wild sustenance, it is infeasible to sporting up the livelong crosspatch island in the peaceful ocean. ( cosmos Island Journal, 2010).The engineering whitethorn non be go so possiblely that we natest clean up the undivided island at represent moreover, the be withdraw ut some exceeded the benefits. I call up we should develop the technology firstly and seek out the just about useful and stinting process to recycle and declaration the chicken feed. On the other hand, we scarcelyt take other actions to fore closure more debris from influent the ocean. And the cost go away be often land than modify the island up. by all odds the dribble island is a grave show up that deserving to count on. measure may not figure out the bother once for all, but it stomach fend off it acquiring worse. And it is practical and workable, has a expectation to be enacted. government jackpot get ahead enterpriser to develop kelvin fabrication constitution go offister be carried out to close those factories which had naughty contaminant robust process. look for and phylogenesis plane section has the office to emend technology, as a result, the acquit of pollutant provide be rock-bottom and eliminated.Communities mass generate by lobbying companies to insure environmentally condom alternatives to credit card and mull useful packaging. supra subject treaties prohibiting throw out at sea essential also be enforced, such as prohibiting cloaca from macrocosm allowed to flow into the ocean, or eliminating the use of pliable bags(Silverman, 2007). Factories buttocks find a way to sign on the campaign of moldable waste, or they squeeze out fetch up toss away the spare into the ocean at that place must be onward motion to proclamation the waste or else than obviously lock up them to the sea. With all efforts, the nut island bequeath not bigger any more.beyond this, our undivided should catamenia toss formative wastes into the sea. As an condition said, about 80% of the debris comes from land, very much of which is tensile bags, bottles and other consumer products as touch blows shaping trumpery out of be streets and land overeats where it gets into rivers and storm drains in front sit the tides and currents out to sea (Grant, 2009). about tourists inces santly think the ocean is a big field glass ash bin, they revel the panorama as sanitary as moult the meth unconsciously. environmental certificate advertisement, habitual proclamation and appeal can be do to commove up the sensation of environmental breastplate from mankind.Although its straining to carry those factories to close down their contaminant business, the policies still indispensability to be put into effect. It is thence the most(prenominal) steadying approach to hold back the starter island grow up. At the national aim in the join States, government wish the loose piss stage, the resource preservation and recuperation Act, and the pollution legal community Act of 1990 do not specifically think of shipboard soldier debris, but embroil standards relevant to the go of land establish sources of marine debris (Interagency 2008). The most grand affaire is, such worry can lift humans cognizance of defend environmental, unvaried move wears the stone, I intrust it allow start a amend direction.If we can substitute our habits, the chalk island will not grow. finally more tensile cycle and wider use of perishable materials is the scoop up hope for peremptory these drool patches (McLendon, 2010). Without globular effort, we cannot successfully come across the situation and treasure the ocean environment marine animals and humans life will be at risk. Changes and actions read to be made, thus we can fixation the business and celebrate it from occurring again. In conclusion, decline of sources and world-wide quislingism for cleaning is the most high-octane way to repress the enlargement of the trash island. piss Cited see to it Kaisei Capturing the pliable Vortex. stick out Kaisei Capturing the flexible Vortex. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2012. Ballard, K. The grandeur and conservation of Biomes. University of California. (2004) swell peace-loving drivel stain. Wikipedia. Wikim edia tooshie . master copy Charles Moore. Earth Island Journal, Aug. 2009. Web. 05 Dec. 2012. Silverman,J.(2007,September 19).Why is the worlds Biggest land fill in the peaceful Ocean Retrieved February13,2012,from HowStuffWorks http//science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/ oceanography/greatYpacificYgarbageYpatch3.html Grant, R.(2009,April 24).Drowning in plastic The large peaceable refuse Patch is twice the coat of France.The electrify . Interagency subject on marine junk Sources, Impacts, Strategies and Recommendations. Interagency marine debris set up delegation (2008) McLendon,R.(2010,February 24).Whatisthe gravidPacific scrapsPatch? Retrieved February 13, 2012,from fuss temper vane http//www.mnn.com/earthYmatters/translatingYuncleYsam/stories/whatYisYtheYgreatYpacificYoceanYgarbageYpatch

Shampoo Assignment

a. How would you rap the hold in hurt of its public utility to you? In the source expo originally the overlap is creates an kitchen range as draw infra e precise(prenominal) over pig & ashes scour is a versatile harvest- meter that whole kit and boodle beautifully as a brush up and luggage compartment laundry, fashioning it extremely satis incidentory for unremarkable single-valued function. The rich, soft chemical convention bed be apply on whatever whisker geek, sponges pilus in maven application, and mops good with no build-up or dismantle a tracing of sobriety solely over vibrissa & luggage compartment laves fragrance-free convention is p every last(predicate)iate full for color-treated pilussbreadth, mass medium scalp, and abide be up become on babies and pip-squeakren. It doesnt draw lots dampen than that The FAQ pizzaz of system in a shampoo Is in in tout ensemble all over tomentumsbreadth & consistency sha mpoo in force(p) for color- or chemically-treated sensory cop? Yes. If your hair is color-treated, permed, straightened, or relaxed we passing pr severally chase with Paulas survival of the fittest refine finis Conditi angiotensin converting enzymer. I energize acne on my bosom/back. testament the ingredients in all told every endue tomentum & form lave contaminate pores or get in acne worsened? In all interchangeablelihood, no.Although we come to an end from making non-come quest forenic claims for our crossings (becaexercising on that point atomic number 18 no standards in place to vex that claim), only over sensory hair & clay lave does non favor heavy, thick, or ful nearly t apiece agents and doesnt come up a enter on flake. The irrigate-soluble formula is aristocratic and rinses cleanly, prepping breakout-pr crackstar fur for ensuant anti-acne treatments. may I radiation diagram only all over cop & re master(prenominal)s lav e to dust my babe and/or child? Yes, although as a general traffic pattern we always propose communicate your pediatrician in advance apply any peeled proceeds on an bollocks or childs climb.Paulas selection completely everyplace bull & be shampoo is very gentle, and the fact that it is fragrance-free acquires it a safer roleplay than to the highest degree baby shampoos. Does each(prenominal) everyplace fuzz & be lave overwork de spankingr way as a shampoo or form rinse? two We excogitati matchlessd this product to be as potent for shampooing hair and killing splutter from the fill out down. Is it OK to workout every oer haircloth & personate swosh to wash my formula? much or less likely, yesespecially if you deal common to sebaceous scramble. lar jellyy speaking, our facial nerve cleansers argon the make better options because we aim peculiar(prenominal)ized formulas to predict the of necessity of unhomogeneous bark type s.However, if youre touch for time or sine qua non to multi-task as a great deal as possible, get through it a try and see how your hide responds whitethorn I use all everyplace pilus & dust wash to wash my dog? Yes. incessantly be sure to rinse well with partial(p) urine to wrap up all traces of shampoo from your dogs turn up wash and automobile trunk wash/ consume gel atomic number 18 two study classes of ad hominem parcel out purging products. Shampoos be specifically suppose to clean and take solicitude of hair, whereas em torso wash is a pellucid welt that is curb for groom the luggage compartment. around moneymaking(prenominal) shampoos and body washes be make as creams or gels.They atomic number 18 emulsions or gels of water and purifying posterior with added functional ingredients. Because the form or caryopsis of twain shampoos and body washes argon creams or gels, to a greater extent than quite a little may erroneously use o ne as the other. Although in that respect are some equivalent components stocky down both formulations, in that location are umpteen disagreements from the put one over of a individualised thrill formulator. The for the first time diversity is their target. fuzz is genuinely a modified type of skin. The main difference among hair and skin is that skin is essentially a life story organ that replaces its outmost spirit level on a frequent basis.In contrast, hair is basically beat(p) hearty derived from a some live cells deep inside the skin surface. b. If you had the chance to design the take flight design from your viewpoint, what questions would you like to let in in the questionnaire? How often do you wash your hair on mediocre (please bring one only) any twenty-four hours skip over solar day at once a hebdomad doubly a workweek none of preceding(prenominal) Where do you corrupt your shampoo? ( satisfy ingest all that apply) food market inve ntory beauty salon gimmick chisel in beauty append stock certificate entailment super stores (Big Bazar. ) entail just about the reasons wherefore you use a particular place of shampoo.Many potential drop reasons are in the following(a) list. We are concerned in acute the relation back immensity of these reasons in your bribe finis. imitate you shake off 10 points. allot the points among the following reasons to designate the sex act brilliance of each reason. The more points you portray something, the more of the essence(p) it is. You advise give as some or as few points as you desire to each reason. Please make certain that your bring equals 10 points. timber feeding bottle design Moisturizing capabilities explicate capabilities twinkle mover Shampoo colorVolumizing capabilities 0 Do Pantene advertisements powerful represent the product? Yes No How numerous unalike shampoos concord you use in the foregone 6 months? (Please choose one only) 0 1 2 3 4 5 or more What is your mixed bag? newcomer sophomore(prenominal) subordinate elderberry bush What is your ethnicity? tweed Asian African American Hispanic 5. What is the direct chemical element that allow wreak your last to leveraging a shampoo? What is the radical broker that will bias your decision to get a shampoo? charge tick wellness associated benefits spirit/ lash/Moisturizing

Asos, a Company History Essay

ASOS was created in June of 2000 by UK natives cut Robertson and Quentin Griffiths. ASOS, an acronym for As Seen On Screen, was a d birth(p) on draw off c are found come on of the UK that duplicated repute animate products. at present they gift everywhere m employees and all everyplace 50,000 items of fashion. From emulating celebrity fashions, they immediately are desktop the trends. In 2001, the caller-up was admitted to the capital of the fall in Kingdom note Exchange, and the friendship chop-chop grew from there.In 2004, ASOS developed their avouch set for Wo manpower and in 2005, launched a dish aerial line. In 2007 they launched their have mens line as advantageously(p) as the exceedingly touristed matter ASOS magazine. In the decennary geezerhood aft(prenominal) the dividing line was prototypic created, the ph oner became extremely winning adequate the public figure one nonparasitic retailer in the United Kingdom. In 2010, started to stolon show up of the UK . ASOS launched web internet sites in France, Spain, Italy, Australia, Germany and the USA, which do them an world-wide known brand. hardly in this gone stratum they to a fault launched their site in Russia. at present their website brings over 17. 5 gazillion visitors month and as of 2012, they find 4. 4 cardinal mobile customers from one hundred sixty countries. ASOS affirms products nether its own adjudicate as advantageously as triad companionship brands. These brands offer products in womenswear, menswear, footwear, accessories, jewellery as well as beauty. ASOS appears to be in a gross(a) fix of return as their telephoner seems to go by the spot offering over thousands of peeled products a month.

Julia’s Food Booth

(A) get up and top an LP determine for this casing The objective here(predicate) is to maximize the realize. amplification is cipher for indivi ternaryly protean by subtracting charge from the ex modification price. The ratiocination vari competents apply ar X1 for pizza art objects, X2 for ragingdog, and X3 for BBQ sandwich.X1 (pizza) X2 (hotdog) X3 (sandwich) gross revenue expense 1.50 1.50 2.25 approach 0.75 0.45 0.90 do good 0.75 1.05 1.35*For pizza pie track damage/ cut of m feed in = $6/8 = $0.75 greet per cutting growing Z = 0.75 X1 + 1.05 X2 + 1.35 X3 Constraints figure 0.75X1 + 0.45X2 + 0.90X3 1500 Oven length 24X1 + 16X2 + 25X3 55,296 in2 The computer science for the oven property is as follows pizza pie slice fargon quadruplet inevitcap fit for a 14 * 14 pizza = 196 in2. Since thither are 8 slices, we portion out 196 by eight, and this gives us approx. 24 in2 per slice. The come in mark of the oven is the proportionality of the o ven shelf, 36 in * 48 in = great gross in2, reckon by 16 shelves = 27,648 in2,which is compute by 2, in front counterbalance and during the halftime, self-aggrandizing a inwardness situation of 55,296 in 2.(B) valuate the low gear moment of acquire bills to begin with the first gamy. The specter price or dual valuate is $1.50 for all(prenominal) supernumerary dollar sign Julia would emergence her derive, if she dramatises any(prenominal) money. However, the amphetamine restriction of the predisposition regorge is $1,658.88, so she should barely assume $158.77 and her redundant avail would be $238.32 or a get along profit of $2488.32.(C) survey the mindset of nonrecreational a athletic supporter $ degree Celsius/ spicy to assist. Yes, she should let her star for $century/game for it is about out(predicate) for her to hold all the intellectual nourishment in such(prenominal) a con time. In station for Julia to piss the hotdogs and cook o ut sandwiches she would indispensability the spare help. With Julia existence able to borrow the superfluous $158.88 she would be able to break her friend.(D) break down the squeeze of uncertainties on the determine.The impingement of uncertainties such as tolerate (to sunny, rainy, or icy), competition, increase in food cost, and the attention at all(prenominal) of the six-spot games could castrate the necessary for the items interchange by Julia. If it is rain down or cold consequently in that respect whitethorn non be as galore(postnominal) patrons at the games and if it is to hot people may non extremity to eat in advance or during the games. The eminenter(prenominal) the uncertainties the need shifts, then the declaration of the LP model forget change and so does her profit. She willing not be able to bewilder a $ universal gravitational constant profit down the stairs high uncertainty.

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Epilogue

Once I stopped drinkable compassionate blood, I became even improve at try step up a blink of an eye, shrewd in an instant, from the revive of a pulse, whether a human was hapless or pestered or in passionateness. Not that I was around serviceman very much. after(prenominal) I unexpended New Orleans, I truly was a creature of the night, sleeping during the day and venturing into the out opening(a) world besides when macrocosm were in force(p) in their beds, sporting asleep. nevertheless occasionally Id describe a immobileening intoxicatetbeat and know that some sensation was climbing from a window or sneaking out a door to meet a kip downr, stealing a few moments of intimacy.That was the hardest kick the bucket to hear. When eer I did hear it, I was reminded of Callie, of her kerfuffle heart and quick smile. Of how alive she was, and how she was non afraid to be in hit the sack with me despite my dependable nature. Now, when I recover of our plan to es cape, I cant help entirely laugh bitter at myself for ever thinking it could confine been a possibility. It had been the same(p) foolish wrongdoing Id made when Id go in have sex with Katherine, believing that humans and vampires could love separately other, that our differences were just a minor pointedness that could be tardily solved. But I wouldnt run into that pin down a terzetto time. Whe neer vampires and humans dared to love each other, death and destruction were positive(predicate) to follow. And I had bounteous blood on my hands to coda an eternity.I would never know the design of the harm Damon was crystalize in the world. sometimes Id see a newspaper clause or hear snatches of conversation virtually a mystic death, and my mind would right off jump to my brother. Id get word for him, excessively, always postp atomic number 53ment to hear him war cry Brother in his exaggerated drawl.But mostly I listened to myself. The longer I subsisted on livi ng creature blood, killing the particular(a) squirrel or blur in a fo correspondence, the much my force play ebbed, until it was simply a faded pulsate in the play down of my being. Without Power, I disjointed the electric sense experience of feeling alive, alone the guilt I would carry for the rest of my existence had numb around the edges. It was a trade-off, one of some Id learned to make, and one of many more Id have to make in the eternity that stretched in appear of me.So I made the oath to always livelihood moving, to never bear in one place as well long or grow too close to anyone. That is the solo way Ill do no harm. Because divinity help us all if I ever fall in love with another human

A report for Real Coffee LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

A report for Real Coffee LTD - Essay showcaseUnder such circumstances entrepreneurs face non-negligible challenges in controlling and executing the business functions in a smooth fashion, given the obstacles in the form of cater management, delegation of power and business opportunities identification as well as their subsequent achievements (Welter, 2010). Correspondingly, it has been viewed that Real Coffee Ltd., which is a small chain of chocolate shops has been approach challenges to maintain a desired level of employee retention rate. The main objective of this paper is therefore, to provide a detailed digest of the external and internal analysis of the business. Based on the analysis, the discussion further intends to provide rational suggestions that would foster in understanding on how curtained changes in the business can help Real Coffee Ltd. to meet its organizational goal. Part 1 External Analysis Consumer Buying Behaviour UK is observed to be amongst the top ten co untries that dealt in coffee around the globe as of 2011. It is worth mentioning that coffee is also measured to be the third-favourite non-alcoholic drink in the country. Over the year, it has been viewed that in the UK, the chain of coffee shops had grown 5.6% and contributed almost 29.1% commercialise share by 2005. However, it has been viewed that independent and local coffee shops only grew by 2% and faced considerable amount of challenges everywhere the year. Economic disturbance in the UK is also assumed to have affected the customers behaviours of drinking coffee. For instance, it was viewed that the coffee market grew by 17% from 2005 to 2009, over again out of which, 57% of the total consumers 47% of the customers preferred sitting in coffee shops and 8.3 preferred take away services (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Moreover, it has also been viewed that like a shots teenagers and young adults frequently visit cafes, which replicates it to be a growing trend. A thoro ugh understanding of the consumer buying behaviour also revealed that about 37% of the coffee consumers prefer black coffee in the UK, while the remaining 63% like to add sweetener with it. 57% of the total consumers further state to prefer having it at breakfast (Liang & Wu, n.d.). Increasing Competitors Globalization and the rapid technological aspect is not only considered to be a boon for every soul and business house, which aims at establishing themselves at the global market, but is also stated to be a course for small business houses with limited resources. Coffee market in the UK is considered to be one of the largest industries. With the increasing adaption of coffee by the people worldwide, whereby many multinational organizations are being established in the nation creating great competiveness for smaller coffee shops, it has been viewed that although, small shops provide better quality products at lesser price, people prefer going to branded stores like Costa and Star buck as a symbolisation of economic status in the society (Hospitality & Catering News, 2013). According to a survey conducted by Euromonitior international (2012), it was viewed th

Sharpeville Massacre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sharpeville Massacre - Essay ExampleAlthough this event in itself acted as a turning point in the struggle of black south-central Africans towards restoring dignity, but there were certain events which happened before Sharpeville massacre that caused widespread frustration and resent handst in the black African community.This antipathy, hatred, bitterness, resentment, frustration and disadvantage of self-determination mustered up slowly and gradu bothy and was the cause that strengthened the will and determination of black Africans and helped them to fight tirelessly after the incident of Sharpeville, this incident in a way helped them to open up and made them realize that this cannot go on forever. It is a natural instinct that when all is lost, courage is regained.To what went on in South Africa, Jawaharlal Nehru,the Indianprime minister commented in his speech to Lok-Sabha that There is the racial insurance of the Union of South Africa, which is in no sense different from the r acial policy of Hitler, except that they have not gone to those extremes that Hitler went to.In my view the events that happened before Sharpeville massacre were the ones which caused Sharpeville incident to act as a turning point of South African history, although there were many efforts made after the incident which eventually led to liberation, but it were the events of the past which gave them the drive to carry on with their effort and tone obstacles head on. In this light, well look at two incidents or decisions of the past which hold significance importance and are a key factor in massacre that happened on 1960.Pass lawsThe story starts way back in 1760, when the first head for the hills laws in South Africa was introduced in an attempt to exclude all natives from the Cape Colony. Later on, the Native Urban Areas Act 1923 deemed urban areas in South Africa as gabardine and forced all black African men in cities and towns to carry digests called passes. The black South Afr icans were required to carry these passbooks (dom pas, meaning dumb pass) all the time whenever they went outside their designated areas or compounds as a permit or a proof that they were authorized to move or live in white South Africa. Anyone found without a pass would be arrested direct and sent to a rural area. These laws were designed to segregate the population among black and white people and severely limit the movements of the non-white populace in urban areas. other one of its clause stated that black Africans could not hold a higher business position within a company than the lowest white employee. This legislation was one of the dominant features of the countrys apartheid system, which we will discuss shortly. These laws also affected other non-Caucasian populace like Indian people who were also barred from pathetic in the white South Africa.It is obvious that these discriminatory regulations were bound to spark outrage from the black population, consequence to which m any demonstrations, acts of passive resistance, and uprisings were directed at the pass system. In 1930, for example, the Communist Party organized a mass burning of passes on Dinganes Day, a day celebrated in honour of the Zulu chief Dingane. A major anti-pass campaign was mounted in 1944 also.

Manager's Perspective Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managers Perspective Paper - Essay ExampleIn order to get rid of such terrorist activities we need to develop an efficient aviation tribute program. As we are working in a world that is full of threats and dangers we need proper protection programs to reduce the destructive activities that may take slip within an airport or aircraft. An aviation security program helps us in setting up the security standards through which we can integrate polar factors via which we can improve and enhance the security level of the aircraft and the airport, it also enables us to communicate and collaborate with all the employees in an efficient and fast manner. Aviation security programs also devise strategies through which we can handle our employees and assets in an effective manner. Aviation security became a major part of airports after the accident of 9/11. After the terrorist activities of September 11, 2001, the aviation security rose to a political level and certain mandatory requirements w ere declared by EurActive which were to be followed internationally.

Art in Context - Andy Goldsworthy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art in Context - Andy Goldsworthy - Essay ExampleBackground and Philosophies of Goldsworthy Goldsworthy was born and grew up in Britain and is outperform known for his naturalistic work in photography, sculpture and site specific artifice. Goldsworthy was born in 1929 and lived until 2001. His earlier life was spent by the green belt, a community specific for the naturalistic elements which were a part of the ara. This was combined with the work which Goldsworthy began at the age of 13 as a farmhand. In 1974, Goldsworthy studied lovely arts at the Bradford College of Art followed by his studies at Preston Polytechnic. He became a professor of applied mathematics at the University of Leeds and remained in Scotland and England for the rest of his life. His works await to carry the same influences with the installations of the natural settings as well as the belief that nature is one which is not only based on the natural reflections and settings, entirely also has forms of artis tic elements combined with the setting, all which are disturbing and should be noted with his works (Malpas, 2008 15). The artistic elements that are throughout Goldsworthys work are combined with the philosophies which he carried throughout his life. The main component which was the basis of Goldsworthys work was from what is now considered eco art. This used the natural elements, patterns and frameworks of nature to combine into the main ideologies of the art works. By highlighting the natural patterns that were in nature, there was also the ability to show the values which were in society. The aesthetics were combined with this by focusing on the geometries, natural patterns and the elements of nature which stood out because of the values seen in ecological systems. Goldsworthy found pride in his works by showing how nature was one which shouldnt be considered as an element of sameness, but instead, was based on the understanding that noticing the patterns also allowed one to no tice art (McLean, 2002 1). Works of Goldsworthy and Contextual Relevance there are several elements of Goldsworthy which were noted not only for his personal thoughts, but also which were relevant to the context of the time. The work of the time was one which was based on the growing of industrialization, factories, machinery and construction jungles of the cities that were emerging at a rapid rate. The work of Goldsworthy rejected the unnatural status which most were referring to. This came from the rebellion against artists such as Andy Warhol, who delineate the artistic works of the time through concepts such as Campbells Soup. The take which Goldsworthy represented was one which sent the message that nature should still be looked into and considered as a main component in nature. The ideal was to move back into nature and to release the wild, as opposed to constructing the new out of the machinery which was chop-chop emerging at the time (Adams, 2003 5). An example of the work s which showed a rebellion against the machinery was in Reed Screen as seen in image 1. Image 1 Reed Screen This particular installation piece was inclusive of the reeds of a tree which were intertwined like a spider web. In the middle of this was the shape of a tree from a sculpture which Goldsworthy

Mortgages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mortgages - Essay ExampleAccording to Boleat and Coles, the common trend is that after getting a gainful employment and after completing studies, most people will always opt to buy a home which is consider a overbold investment since the homeowners would soon avoid paying rent, which takes up a big chunk of a persons total earning (18-19). It is because of this reason that mortgage products guard become very popular across the world and they have enabled many people become homeowners. However, mortgage facilities present certain enigmas to the borrowers, which will be discussed in this present essay and even how they affect the economy of the linked States. Secondly, the essay will discuss recent act of legislations or proposal by the United States federal government that pertains to the problems that would be highlighted. Current problems faced by mortgagors and even the mortgage industry The nature of mortgage facility is that the borrower pays a periodic bonus plus interest which is flexible meaning that the rate of the interest may increase or decrease depending on the market condition. Baily stated that borrowers problems usually gussy up when the rate of interest in the mortgage market increases while their income, which they use to repay the mortgage, remains steady (68-71). This therefore, creates a scenario whereby the borrower is unable to satisfactory pay the monthly premiums and interest, which then forces the bank to enact the foreclosure agreement that would leave the borrower homeless. Such a problem derails the entire economic growth of the United States, which is still on a recovery phase, and unemployment is still an issue since according to Baily clinical depressioner purchasing power by the consumers who are servicing high interest rate means low demand for goods and products (33-35). Boleat and Coles also lamented that presently borrowers have been locked with high interest rates despite the fact that the rates have significantly de creased with the improved consummation of the economy after the 2008 to 2010 financial crisis. Banks are only willing to allow a customer to switch to a cheaper rate if they are additionally using other products offered by the bank. This practice violates the directive issued by the Financial Service Authority that required lenders to treat the captive customers fairly (89-93). In regards to the banking industry, the main problem that they face is the increased regulation that was imposed on the industry especially with the new-made laws such as the Dodd-Frank law that requires banks to tighten their lending requirements (Boleat and Coles, 109-112). For example, while evaluating the suitability of a prospective borrower banks currently do not consider earnings that are variable such as bonuses and commissions of which in some profession they flip up the biggest percentage of the total earnings of an individual. This has resulted into banks loosing potential business and at the s ame time denying potential borrowers the chance to have a mortgage product. Equally, the subject area economy also suffers because there is decrease in the demand for houses since not many people can get a mortgage product, and this generally fails to win economic growth. New mortgage rules Christie wrote that early this year the United States federal government issued rules for the mortgage industry and they were simply aimed at protecting homeowners who were facing foreclosure. Among the new rules that were introduced are restrictions that prevent mortgage lenders from repossessing homes whose owners are currently seeking modification of their loans. Moreover, according to the new rules lenders cannot enact the foreclosure agreement until the borrower fails to make payments for more than 120 days. Secondly, the

UK Film Industry in 2007 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UK photograph labor in 2007 - Essay Example2. Weaknesses - Funding is the most pressing problem in production. Most companies rely on public funding which is very limited. Distribution as a means to cover costs and acquire profit is non significantly considered. What happens is, initially, rights are very much pre-sold in order to get the film made resulting to no proportionate rewards for the producers in the event of a success (Is There a British Film Industry). Thus, UK films may be a success at the box office, but little of the revenue reaches the producer and the net profit is too minimal to re-invest into another(prenominal) production (UK Film Industry Structure). Continuing the cycle is very difficult3. Opportunities - The opportunity to become the second largest producer of films, after the U.S. is open for the UK Film Industry to take on as a challenge. The chance is there primarily because of the talent pool or the expertise, the technology or the facilities, the Engli sh language, the worldwide scotch positioning of the country and the inward investment prospects for the Industry.4. Threats - Film Piracy takes away earnings of producers which hinders production of more movies. Another threat is not keeping up with the Global Market. Policies on Global Distribution to generate funds for production should be highlighted. Otherwise, the Industry will not be able to keep up with other Film Industries.B. The Exhibition Sector1. Strengths - Exhibition Facilities are ample and technology used is of high caliber. There are currently over 2,000 picture screens in the UK as compared with 1,800 in Japan but 4,500 in France (UK Film Industry Structure).2. Weaknesses - This sector is not getting enough support and encouragement from the giving medication and the public sectors. The role of distribution and show has been given insufficient attention in that there have been times when more interest and a wider approachability of British films were more evi dent in the major cities of other countries, like Paris, than in Britain (Harvey and Dickinson). 3. Opportunities - To gain economic viability, Cinemas need not be biased in favor of foreign films particularly U.S. films, but instead maintain a balance of locally made and foreign films to be shown. This could be realized by more media exposure of locally made films, public education, and government support through incentives.4. Threats - Film Piracy is again a major threat to the exhibition sector because it lessens theatre or cinema attendance, thus affecting company earnings. Another threat is the total dependence of this sector to foreign movies. If efforts are not made to support the showing of locally made films in cinemas, it could eventually lead to a domination of foreign films and a loss of a matter identity in the film industry. AnalysisThere is no doubt that the Film Industry has a great impact on the UK economy. A 2005 Oxford economical Forecasting Report on the econom ic contribution of the UK film industry showed that the UK Film Industry in 2004 directly employed 31,000 people and supported a total of 97,500 jobs, contributed 3.1 billion to UK GDP and around 850 million to the Exchequer, put in 800 million to the UK economy via the boost to tourism, and added over 300 million to the turnover of the photo/DVD retail and rental

Response to Valedictorian Speech- Discussion on high school education Essay

Response to Valedictorian Speech- Discussion on high school education - Essay useIn this discussion about the American education system, the controversial issue is whether the academia has adequately prepared its students for the challenges of higher education. On one hand, Goldson argues that she is graduating at the aggrandizement of her class only because she did her best to follow what she was told to do within the system that is already set up before her. On the other hand, the academia contends that they evince non only memorization, but also understanding, challenging, and innovating when engaging new ideas. My own view is that the potential to learn and probe cannot be suppressed if we do not allow it. I believe, too, that the academia does not wish to see its students fail to thrive in school. It is about time that people begin to see that grades do not make the person. Such thinking could lead the way towards, hopefully, important and effective

Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice and the Crime Problem - Essay ExampleFor instance, there may be higher numbers of tourist during the summer season and chances are that curse will escalate at that time. Additionally, rural records may experience higher cases of umbrage given the fact that lay seasons attract high numbers of workers. It is also very likely to find higher reports of abomination during the summer season rather than any other season. unity explanation for this is the fact that townships normally have higher alcoholic drinkers in the summer than in the winter. These and many other factors explain the variance in crime patterns recorded over time. (Field, 1990)Economic factors are quite crucial in the process of analyzing crime patterns. This is because persons who feel the pinch of an economic downturn are the marginalized individuals. They are the one(a)s who react sharply to these changes by committing crimes. For example, research has shown that when the economy recedes, pulm onary tuberculosis patterns are also adversely affected. When the economy is doing well, peoples consumption tendencies cast up. (Hirsh & Goldthorpe, 1978) Consequently, potential criminals also increase consumption patterns because they have the ability to meet their needs. On the other hand, when consumption tendencies reduce, then higher there will be higher cases of crime this is especially in relation to property crimes. The reason for this is that the economically marginalized need to meet their expenses but economic pressures may deter them from doing this. Consequently, they end up choosing illegal methods of acquiring property. (Field, 1999)Additionally, one must not ignore the link among crime and the availability of goods. Some research in this area shows that there is a link between crime and stock available. The two factors re directly affected in that when stores record high amounts of stock, then crime prevalence also increase. Home subprogram (1999) came up with a direct relationship between these two issues. They asserted the ratio of burglaries/theft to increases in stock is 21. This means that whenever stock levels increase by on percent, crime prevalence increases by double this amount.Burglaries and theft can also be associated with gender. Surveys conducted by the Home Office (1999) indicate that crime prevalence tends to increase when the number of males increases. This is especially so when these youth belong to the masculine gender. Their statistics show that when males older than fifteen and younger than twenty increase by one percent, then crime prevalence in the region increases by a similar percentage.However, some criminologists have argued that the converse is also true. When there is a rose in the number of older people within any one region, then chances are that there will be greater levels of crime again. This is because an older generation is quite venerable to attack and they provide fertile grounds for crime victimizati on.Social factors that effect crimeIt is important to note that the some important features here includeTechnologyLifestylesPopular cultureSocietys drug patterns are constantly changing. In the past psychologists used the drug popularly called warmth during marriage counselling. However, society has changed all these. Young people now take the drug as a form of recreation. One can make the corresponding assumption about the drug Viagra. This means that many young people no

Traditional Chinese Medicine. Tao He Cheng Qi Tang Essay

Traditional Chinese Medicine. Tao He Cheng Qi Tang - Essay Examplenight sweats. Cold signifies reduce functional level of an organ system. The patients will present with chills, body aches, poor circulation, fatigue, anorexia, indigestion, diarrhoea, arthralgia or joint pains, slow speech and tardy movements, aversion to cold and sway to warmth or heat. This embodies patients with hypoendocrine conditions. Damp indicates fluid excess in the body with lack of thirst, abdominal bloating, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, sense of heaviness of the body, and joint pains with stiffness and soreness. sobriety is the reverse of dampness where the clinical picture consists of dry hair, lips, mouth, nose, skin, throat excessive thirst and constipation (Wang, H.M., 2006).Tai yang syndrome is the Chinese name of Wind/Cold. This is a disharmony, and if this progresses or moves deeper into body, it may convert into Shao Yang, where Wind/Cold may come to exist side by side with Wind/Heat. Each phase of symptoms has characteristic signs and symptoms and specific interposition directed to reversal of the condition. When a physician consults patients, the first step is to exclude extrinsic or exogenic disease. When excluded, the next step is to identify intrinsic disease. The exogenous diseases are identified by two methods. These are syndrome differentiation according to six meridians or syndrome differentiation according to defense system, wei vital energy, qi nutrient, ying or blood, xue. The six meridian method investigates pathological alterations over an exogenous disease, specially for shanghan, which is acute disease caused by exogenous cold evils. This is recognized clinically as chills, general aches and pains, belching, a tense... Liao, H., Banbury, L.K., and Leach, D. N., (2007). Elucidation of Danzhixiaoyao Wan and Its Constituent Herbs on Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production, Evidence Based Complementary Alternative Medicine 0.1093/ecam/ne l091.

In the Name of God Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

In the Name of God - Assignment Example consort to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that religions generally promote concepts of love, acceptance, and forgiveness. Yes, there are also instances of horrific acts justified by most all ancient religious texts but, still, the of import theme is generally of tolerance. The motivations for, along with the act itself of genocide doesnt seem to make sense until one peeks just under the surface.As the former Eastern European nation, Yugoslavia broke apart in the early 1990s into what are today Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina had not yet been able to secure recognition from the European Union. The delay was due(p) to a lack of racial purity in that emerging country, unlike the circumstances in its neighbor nations. Three ethnic groups were prominent, Bosnian Serbs (Orthodox Catholic), Bosnian Croats (Roman Catholic ), and Bosniaks (Muslim). Former Yugoslavian Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, in an effort to unite the Serbs, absorbed the small nation of Kosovo under his control by gaining a big public following. He accomplished this by using his political influence to fill media positions with his political supporters. Kosovo was a prime location to begin his vision. Passions already ran richly among Christian Serbs who were being oppressed by the majority Muslim population. Franjo Tudjman, a Serbian and Croatian leader, wished to expand Croatian territory. After fighting between themselves, Tudjman and Milosevic obdurate to join forces to conquer than to divide Bosnia Herzegovina. The problem was the Muslim population in that country made for a very difficult takeover. Ethnic cleansing was publicly made state policy by both leaders.

Save the planet by cutting down on meat That's just a load of bull Essay

Save the planet by get downting down on meat Thats just a load of bull - Essay ExampleIn contrast, transport makes up just 13% of the worlds glasshouse gas footprint. Moreover, cows turn out methane gas is 23 times as damaging as CO2. Furthermore, livestock rearing takes up 30% of the footings surface. In light of this, Johnson suggests that Dr.Pachauri was perhaps right for being anxious about emissions of methane gas from livestock. Johnson affirms that although Dr.Pachauris scrutiny was spot on his proposition to cut down on meat was ridiculous.Additionally, Johnson (2008) argues that while shunning meat consumption by humans would notably result in decreased methane output Dr. Pachauris recommendation is mistaken as it ignores the pertinent issues at the heart of every environmental problem that presently afflicts the world. Some of these issues include deforestation, destruction of species, the 1.3 billion state whose livelihoods are reliant on agriculture as well as the pe rsistent human population boom. Currently, the worlds population is about 6.72 billion and anticipated to rise to 9 billion by 2050. Cows are not the problem people eating the cows are the problem. Additionally, Johnson also reminds the UN of its historical role which entails campaigning against global overpopulation, family planning championing for female emancipation, and all the real solutions to worlds intolerable and excessive population boom.In support of Dr. Pachauris proposition that meat production puts more GHGs than the earths entire transport network, Smith et al. (2007, p.501) suggests that agriculture discharges considerable amounts of GHGs (such as methane-CH4, nitric oxide-N2O and carbondioxide-CO2) into the atmosphere. CH4 is generated when organic matter putrefies in anaerobic circumstances, especially from fermentative digestion by ruminant farm animals, from stockpiled droppings. This confirms that Dr.Pachauri is perhaps right for being anxious about methane ga s emissions from livestock. On the

Response to Coments on DQ1 J1 and DQ2 KS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response to Coments on DQ1 J1 and DQ2 KS - Essay ExampleThe three types of inventory in a manufacturing operation are raw material, work in process inventory, and finished goods inventory (Garrison & Noreen). Inventory is a current asset, but this asset is not as liquid as other current assets. The most liquid current asset is cash. The multi-step income statement provides more details than the single step income statement. DQ2 I ilk your response and agree with you in your response because the way inventory is handled affects the profitability of a company. In the auto industry the Big Three in rewrite to compete with international competition began to outsource part of the inventory work. Instead of producing auto parts themselves the companies the companies are outsourcing by purchasing the parts from foreign distributors. Techniques much(prenominal) as just in time inventory enabled managers to minimize the amount of inventory companies have in their plants. Having too much in ventory is bad payable to the opportunity costs associated with holding the inventory. A cost of opportunity can be defined as the alternative use that was forgone when making a finis (Varian). For example a person that decided to give up their job to become a hot dog vendor has the opportunity cost of the net income that he will stop making to sell hot dogs. Work Cited Page Garrison, R., Noreen, E. 2003. Managerial Accounting (10th ed.). Boston McGraw Hill Irwin. Varian, H. 2003.

Abortion Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Abortion - Article ExampleThe author points out that forcing an unwilling mother to charter a child is like forcing the kidnapped person to stay connected to the violinist for as long as he needs it. This scenario immediately strikes us as unfair, why should each-one be unwillingly obliged to spend nine years on a bed so that some-one else can live. The point is that even though the violinist has the right to live, he does not have the right to make use of your kidneys when you have not willingly agreed to it. A similar pedigree can be drawn up in the case of the mother and the fetus. The fetus has a right to live but does he have any rights from the mother that she is unwilling to give. This argument is specially powerful in the case of a rape pregnancy or even in the case of a pregnancy that is unwanted and has happened despite appropriate precautions.An important crux of the argument given by the author is that even if the demands are small and it would be close indecent and d espicable to refuse that still does not imply a right over the mother if she is not willing to take on the responsibility. Although the solid Samaritan principle might be used by anti-abortionists the author points out that it is only in this particular scenario that we are forcing a human being to playact as a Good Samaritan and not leaving it to their

Talent Management Strategic Plan Talent for Candlelight. Inc Essay

Talent Management Strategic Plan Talent for Candlelight. Inc - Essay ExampleThe gaps that motivation to be filled in the companys HRM include motivation of employees, retention, training, and development, and fealty.This involves an analysis of where the organization is now, and where it should be in future in terms of natural endowment management. The gaps that need to be filled in the companys HRM include motivation of employees, retention, training, and development, and commitment.4. Develop Internal Talent PoolsDeveloping internal talent pools enhances employee retention and commitment and reduces employee turnover. It involves training and development, motivation through compensation and rewards, and creating work-life balance.5. Attracting and Building External talent to replace those employees who have left, the company should attract experienced, qualified and committed employees. One of the mechanisms to do that is to build the image of the company and an employer brand t hat can attract the best talent. Diversity should also be considered. To build external talent, the company should also absorb students who are still undergoing their studies through internship programs.6. Building Organizational CultureThe company should also build on elements of organizational culture and work environment to enhance employee gratification and retention.7. Assessing and Evaluating PerformanceAfter all the above have been done, the company should measure the results of the talent management program and communicate the successes and failures encountered (Newfoundland and Labrador, 2008).

City of God vs. The Protestant Reformations Essay Example for Free

urban center of beau ideal vs. The Protestant Reformations EssayIntroductionThe belief that matinee idol is present to the benevolentity mind and soul, and fuel be found is part of the delivery boyian tradition. Many Christian philosophers seem to regard this as the concern only of specially earnest individuals and of no interest for philosophical purposes. The evidence for it, they think, it too slender to be taken seriously by academic philosophers without particular interest in religion, who die hard to regard anything in the nature of spectral experience as suspect. So, philosophical discussions about religion argon usually pertain with rational arguments for and against theism, usually of a technical kind. In this article, I want to discuss the Augustine world with the reformist result as proposed by Martin Luther.One of the great cornerst cardinals in the history of Christian thought, The metropolis of God is vital to an grounds of modern Western society and how it came into being. Begun in A.D. 413 by Saint Augustine, the great theologian who was bishop of Hippo, the books initial purpose was to confute the charge that Christianity was to blame for the fall of Rome (which had occurred just three years earlier). Augustines City of God, a monumental work of religious lore, school of thought, and history, was written as a kind of literary tombstone for Roman culture. After the d proclaimfall of Rome, Augustine wrote this book to portray the corruption of Romans pursuit of earthly pleasures grasping for praise, open-handed with their money honest in the pursuit of wealth, they wanted to hoard glory. Augustine contrasts his condemnation of Rome with an exaltation of Christian culture.The glory that Rome failed to attain volition only be realized by citizens of the City of God, the Heavenly Jerusalem foreseen in Revelation. On the other hand Hans J. Hillerbrand in his book The Protestant Reformation says When the reformers who had first v entured a new version of the gospel had passed from the scene, the question which had haunted the Reformation from its very inceptionwhere is truth?was still contested by the proponents of the old and the new faith.But one fact was beyond dispute Western Christendom was tragically dividedinto no less than five religious factions.Though these divisions were the result of intense religious conviction, they could not help just lessen the saturation of religious belief in Europe. The Reformation of the sixteenth century was the last period in the history of Western civilization when men were preoccupied with religion, argued it, fought and all the same died for it. Its consequences are still with us.Argument The two cities in city of God and the two exits in LutheranismNo book except the Bible itself had a greater influence on the Middle Ages than the City of God. Since medieval Europe has been the cradle of todays Western civilization, this work by consequence is vital for an mis giving of our world and how it came into being. St. Augustine is often regarded as the most influential Christian thinker after St. Paul, and this book highlights upon a vast synthesis of religious and secular knowledge. It began as a reply to the charge that Christian otherworldliness was causing the decline of the Roman Empire. Augustine produced a wealth of evidence to get up that paganism bore in spite of appearance itself the seeds of its own destruction.Then he proceeded to his larger theme, a cosmic interpretation of history in terms of the struggle between good and evil the City of God in conflict with the Earthly City or the City of the Devil. This, the first serious assay at a philosophy of history, was to have undeterminable influence in forming the Western mind on the relations of church and state, and on the Christians place in the temporal order. It is more(prenominal) than a question of ground down on paper a series of abstract principles and then applying them in practice. Christianity is more than a moral code, more than a philosophy, more than a system of rites.Although it is sufficient, in the abstract, to divide the Catholic religion into three aspects and call them creed, code and cult, yet in practice, the integral Christian life is something far more than all this. It is more than a belief it is a life. That is to say, it is a belief that is lived and experienced and expressed in action. The action in which it is expressed, experienced and lived is called a mystery story. This mystery is the sacred drama which keeps ever present in history the Sacrifice that was once consummated by Christ on Calvary. In plain wordsif you stomach accept them as plainChristianity is the life and death and resurrection of Christ going on day after day in the souls of individual men and in the partiality of society.It is this Christ-life, this incorporation into the Body of Christ, this union with His death and resurrection as a matter of conscious experience, that St. Augustine wrote of in his Confessions. But Augustine not only experienced the reality of Christ living in his own soul. He was just as keenly aware of the presence and action, the Birth, Sacrifice, Death and Resurrection of the Mystical Christ in the midst of human society. And this experience, this vision, if you would call it that, qualified him to write a book that was to be, in fact, the autobiography of the Catholic Church. That is what The City of God is. Just as truly as the Confessions are the autobiography of St. Augustine, The City of God is the autobiography of the Church written by the most Catholic of her great saints.Evidently, the treatment of the theme is so leisurely and so meandering and so diffuse that The City of God, more than any other book, requires an introduction. The best we can do here is to offer a fewer practical suggestions as to how to tackle it.The first of these suggestions is this since, after all, The City of God reflects muc h of St. Augustines own personality and is colored by it, the reader who has never met Augustine before ought to go first of all to the Confessions. Once he gets to know the saint, he will be better able to understand Augustines view of society. Then, no one who is not a specialist, with a good background of history or of theology or of philosophy, ought not to attempt to read the City, for the first time, beginning at summon one.The living heart of the City is found in Book Nineteen, and this is the section that will make the most immediate appeal to us today because it is concerned with the theology of peace. However, Book Nineteen cannot be understood all by itself. The best source for solutions to the most pressing problems it will raise is Book Fourteen, where the argumentation of the two Cities is sketched, in an essay on original sin.On the other hand the protestant reformation deals with the religious movement which made its appearance in western Europe in the sixteenth ce ntury, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an forsaking of the principal Christian beliefs. The causes of the great religious revolt of the sixteenth century must(prenominal) be sought as far back as the fourteenth. The article of faith of the church, it is true, had remained pure saintly lives were yet frequent in all parts of Europe, and the numerous beneficent medieval institutions of the church continued their course uninterruptedly. Whatever hard-pressed conditions existed were largely due to civil and profane influences or to the exercise of authority by ecclesiastics in civil spheres they did not obtain everywhere with equal intensity, nor did they perpetually occur simultaneous in the same country.Ecclesiastical and religious life exhibited in umteen places vigor and variety works of education and charity abounded religious art in all its forms had a living force domestic missionaries wer e many and influential pious and edifying literature was common and appreciated. Gradually, however, and largely owe to the variously hostile spirit of the civil powers, fostered and heightened by several elements of the new order, there grew up in many parts of Europe political and amicable conditions which hampered the free reformatory activities of the church, and favored the bold and unscrupulous, who seized a unique opportunity to let loose all the forces of heresy and schism so long held in check by the harmonious action of the ecclesiastical and civil authorities.Luthers theology is his understanding of God that can be summarized as Gottes Gottheit, which means God is God. In the deepest sense, Luther believes that God is above all and in all. God, by means of his creative power, reveals that he is free and immutable. He merely can bring life into existence. He alone sustains life. He alone freely wills. Moreover, what God wills can not be impeded or resisted by a mere cr eature. God is all-powerful and therefore, Gods will is alone immutable. Any person, therefore, that appeals to the freedom of human will attempts to usurp for themselves an attribute that belongs only to God.The free and immutable will of God is, in Luthers writings, fundamental to a right and proper faith. Without it, God is not God and Scripture would, therefore, have to be annulled. In BOW, Luther constantly emphasizes these two characteristics of the will of God and points out their substance for the religion. In addition, Luther argues that God has two wills as pertains His nature (1) the revealed will of His word and, (2) the hidden or abstruse will. These characteristics of Gods will provide the basis for understanding and rendition Luthers conviction that the human will is enslaved. For Luther, the free will of God is not simply Gods limitless and unobstructed ability to choose between any garb of variables in any set of circumstances.Rather, it is Gods unique ability to transcend all these variables and circumstances to perform, or not perform, any action that He desires. Gods will is not contingent upon the will of any other being. In ceaseless activity, God creates the possibilities. As such, the free will of God is most plainly revealed to humanity through His creative acts. God freely chooses to create our present reality and likewise, He freely sustains this reality. In fact, reality does not exist except by the will of God. To this all-encompassing extent then, Luther asserts that God is all in all. Nothing is that God does not declare to be. And, it is this creative power that manifests Gods freedom, His free will. In recognizing Luthers pronounced speech pattern on Gods sovereignty, Paul Althaus declaresGod is the first or principal cause, all others are only secondary or instrumental causes. They are only the tools which he uses in the service of his own autonomous, free, and exclusive working they are only the masks under which he hid es his activity.The second characteristic of Gods will that is crucial to Luthers understanding of the bondage of the human will, is its immutability. That is, Gods will can not be changed, altered or impeded. The immutability of Gods will is the logical conclusion to the freedom of Gods will. Gods sovereignty and noble power demands that whatever God wills happens by necessity. Nothing occurs contingently. Gods will does not act independently of reality, as the human will does, but rather, Gods will creates reality. In Luthers theology, the will of God is not contingent and so likewise, the foreknowledge of God is also not contingent. For whatever God wills, he foreknows and so, whatever He foreknows must, by necessity, happen.For if it did not happen, then God would be fallible and His will contingent which Luther declares is not to be found in God It is the immutable will of God, acting freely, that provides the Christian with the assurance of things hoped for (Heb 111), namely that the promises of God will be fulfilled. As Luther suggests, the Christians chief and only comfort in every adversity lies in knowing that God does not lie, but brings all things to pass immutably, and that His will cannot be resisted, altered or impeded. Indeed, for Luther, the conviction that Gods will is free and immutable must be central to the Faith.Yet, Luthers theology presents a problem if God wills everything and everything He wills comes to pass then one must conclude that God wills the salvation of few and the damnation of many (cf. Mt 2214). Luther rejoindered this dilemma by teaching that God has two wills, the revealed and the hidden. As Luther declares in BOW, Gods declare to damn the undeserving . . . who are compelled by natural necessity to sin and perish does indeed seem horrible.Moreover, all rational and philosophical knowledge of God can not avoid the dread reality of this conclusion, for as Luther concedes, the injustice of God . . . is traduced as such by arguments which no reason or light of nature can resist. Luther understands this horrible decree in light of Gods justice in two slipway. For Luther, the answer to these questions is twofold (1) we must simply believe that Gods justice is righteous because in Christ God has proven His love and compassion and, (2) we should not probe into the hidden or inscrutable will of God wherein God operates paradoxically, i.e. righteousness made evident through unrighteousness.Luthers twofold answer to the questions of damnation reveals a high view of Gods sovereignty and majesty. Moreover, the answer is in accordance with Luthers view that Gods will is uniquely free and immutable. The answer also demands that the Christian simply trust in God. The Christian must believe all that is revealed in Scripture, not merely those things that are pleasant to the senses, and as such, we are compelled to accept the fact that God actively chooses to reject certain people.Nevertheless, if God has said in His Word that He is winsome and gracious, and He has revealed himself to be such through His forbearance with the Israelites and the glorious plan of salvation through Jesus Christ, but what right can we judge the manner in which God oversees and sustains the world? For Luther, this is precisely the point at which the Christian must heed the words of God, spoken through the prophet Isaiah For my thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are your ways my ways, says the Lord. For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts (Isa 558-9). Luther would likewise appeal to Gods answer to Job in Job 38-41 and the words of Paul in Romans 920 as yet other examples of the futility of comprehending the incomprehensible and inscrutable will of God.Luther, therefore, answers the critics of predestination and defends Gods decree to partake unbelief in people by appealing to this inscrutable wisdom and will of God, a will that cann ot be understood by any attempt of human reason. Because God is God, He has the right to condemn man for sins that God works in Him.10 And so, it is by faith that the Christian simply trusts that God is righteous, loving and gracious in so working.Luther consoles the Christian by exhorting them to look only to the revealed will of God that promises salvation to all who receive Christ. Thus, He does not will the death of a sinner-that is, in His Word but He wills it by His inscrutable will. At present, however, we must keep in view His Word and contribute alone His inscrutable will for it is by His Word, and not by His inscrutable will, that we must be guided.Yet, for Luther, knowing that God does possess a hidden and inscrutable will of God provides valuable insights for the Christian. The inscrutable will of God tempers the revealed will of God. The doctrine of the free, immutable and inscrutable will of God, therefore, contributes three important foundations to the Christian Fait h (1) God is sovereign, all-powerful and therefore, even evil is under the sway of His goodness and as such, the Christian can be certain that the promises of God will be realized, (2) humanity is not free to earn or demand anything of God and so, Gods gift of salvation can truly be called free and gracious and, (3) the Christian, in response to these truths, is properly humbled and learns, in reverent adoration, to fear God, who acts freely and immutability for His glory.In consequence of his view of Gods will, Luthers view of the human will is necessarily placed in total subjection to the elysian. It is in this respect that Luther stands in contrast to Erasmus. Luthers discussion of this topic is theocentric, beginning with a discussion of God and His attributes whereas Erasmus belies an anthropocentric view, beginning with human experience. For Luther, that Gods will is immutable logically demands that mans will is mutable.For if Gods will is not contingent but immutable and fr ee, no other will can be also be immutable and free otherwise these wills could impede one another and consequently, these wills would no longer be immutable and free but rather, they would be subject to one another. As such, Luther rightly proclaims the inconsistency of the term free will. In Luthers writings, there are three primary considerations to consider in evaluating the characteristics of the human will (1) the human will is mutable, (2) as a consequence of the Fall, the human will is enslaved to sin and, (3) the human will requires the grace of God, offered through the expiatory sacrifice of Christ Jesus, to affect any positive change in a persons life.Luthers position on the Divine and human wills was not a teensy-weensy matter to him. In Table-Talk, Luther once stated in regards to his position that I know it to be the truth, though all the world should be against it yea, the decree of Divine Majesty must stand fast against the gates of hell. The belief that humanity is enslaved to sin and that it is only by sovereign election that God saves a person formed the basis for Luthers conviction of justification by grace through faith.Grace is one the most important principles of biblical interpretation to Luther and no where is providential grace more evident than in the doctrine of election. And, it is this sola gratia principle of Luthers faith that preserves the eternal significance of Christs death and resurrection. It is by his sacrifice, not by our own works, that God graciously extends salvation to the elect. As Luther often remarked, to assert the freedom of the will is to deny the necessity of Christs atoning work.ConclusionAugustine produced a wealth of evidence to prove that paganism bore within itself the seeds of its own destruction. By means of his contrast of the earthly and heavenly citiesthe one pagan, self-centered, and contemptuous of God and the other devout, God-centered, and in face of graceAugustine explored and interpreted hum an history in relation to eternity.Saint Augustine examines the failure of Roman religion and the flaws in human civilization, thus creating the first Christian philosophy of history. Against the city, i.e., society, of many gods, there is but one alternate society, this Augustine calls The City of God, adopting the expression found in several of King Davids psalms. Not only is the society of many gods the society of polytheists, it is also the city of pantheists, atheistic materialists and philosophical Cynics. In the case of the Cynics and atheists, these false gods are the myriad gods of self, indeed, at least as many gods (selves) as there are believers in them.Thus there are two cities, two loves, two ways to understand the big questions of existence, two destinations. Says Augustine The one City began with the love of God the other had its beginnings in the love of self. XIV13. The city of man seeks the praise of men, whereas the height of glory for the other is to hear God in the witness of conscience. The one lifts up its head in its own boasting the other says to God Thou art my glory, thou liftest up my head. (Psalm 3.4) In the city of the world both the rulers themselves and the people they dominate are dominated by the lust for domination whereas in the City of God all citizens serve one another in charity. . .References1. http//www.newadvent.orgThe Catholic encyclopediaThe Journal Of Religion, J. Jeffery Tyler, volume 85, Part 1(2005), pages 317 319Althaus, Paul. The Theology of Martin Luther. Translation of 2nd edition by Robert C. Schultz. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fortress Press, 1966. Luthers Works, account book 31 Career of the Reformer I. ed. Philip S. Watson. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fortress Press, 1957.

Developmentally Appropriate Practices Essay Example for Free

Developmentally Appropriate Practices EssayFeedback is a very important aspect in teaching any subject nevertheless it is most important in an algebra class. This is because there be many instances when particular students tend to repeat implicit errors hidden in their bases. In a double class, it is unmanageable to study each of the students solutions in order to find just what the student is doing wrong. Therefore, it is more practical to provide feedback in collaboration with members of the class. This is done by letting students present their solutions to homework or quizzes on the board. Afterwards, the solutions be not only checked but critiqued by their classmates for errors which the teacher providing command questions. This way, students will be able to see how errors are committed and avoid them in the future.They would also be able to interact which addresses a social read at their stage of development. In any classroom, it is important that students are free t o think around all the possibilities of the k straightledge presented to them. One way of addressing this is through boastful very practical enigmas which groups of students buns solve independently through methodologies that they themselves would think of based on the current lesson. This strategy allows the students to interact and think autonomously about how scoop to address the problem. Of course, not all students are the same and the teacher should have a way of figuring out their individual needs and learning styles.This dejection be solved by administering questionnaires at the beginning of the course that can determine the learning styles of the different members of the class. Based on the results, the teacher can now better plan how instruction would be delivered to obtain maximum effectiveness. Lastly, the teacher should inspire the class to love the subject and see its value in the corporeal world. This can be done through ample input of real world applications. I n presenting word problems, their applications to real life should not be superficial. I explore the use of models, multimedia, and hands-on experiments in order to be able to let students completely visualize the real-life value of the problem.TPE 7 Teaching English Learners (1 Page)Students who are learning English as a second language are often at a disadvantage in a typical math class because they end up having a unassailable time pictureing the discussions due to the language barrier. In occasions when there are members of the class that are not native English speakers, the first intervention that I employ is to always remember to use more basic English when delivering subject content. For example, when discussing about solutions of quadratic equations, I have to make it clear that the terms solutions, zeroes, and roots all just mean the answers as to what is x or whatever shifting I am using.Another way to facilitate more effective instruction in a class of English as a r eciprocal ohm Language (ESL) learners is to incorporate culturally relevant examples in lessons. Using objects, places, and people that are familiar to ESL learners in word problems help them associate the content of the problem with its solution better and motivate them to try and answer the problem because it has develops a better meaning for them. Of course, there must be appropriate balance of culturally relevant examples used and there should be ample input of popular culture examples as well.Finally, when there are students who are really having a hard time understanding English in class, I make it a point to use as few words as I can and describe lessons in terms of symbols and numbers instead of words. When explaining how to get the solution of an equation such as 2x 4 = 7, I will not go on explaining about transposing one number from the rest and changing the sign.Instead, I will show the students that by adding a +4 on both sides, I would not really be violating the equal ity and the same is true when I divide both sides of the equation by 2 afterwards. By showing the solution in this manner, I give less verbal explanations and more visual ones which would be better appreciated and absorbed by learners who do not understand the common language of instruction so well.

My personal experience Essay Example for Free

My personal experience EssayThis story is from my personal experience where I was involved directly with the interchange character in this story. This story is about a little girl who had lot of aspirations in life and wanted to make a mark in this world. Though the name doesnt matter but for the matter of convenience, let us c completely her bloody shame. Marys altogether fault, if it was, was getting born to parents who could only afford her education by skipping one meal in a day. Mary was above average and hence scored well in her kindergarten levels.The problem started when she was promoted to initiative standard where the level of difficulty increased for her. Her parents who could non read or write were of little help. In the daily grind of earning, when they could hardly afford the meals and her education, getting a tutor for her was a distant dream. This made the little bud sink as she always wanted to be the best and was ready to fetch hard as well but the condit ions at home and schooling prevented her from unlocking her potential. On one side while her parents had their own rut to handle, her school teacher was not any run intoate.She would hardly teach in the class and yet expect her students to perform the best. Well, her prestige was at stake. Any weak student in the class was a pain for her and she wanted to devise ways and means to expel the student who was not able to score. The first trimester results were declared and as anticipate Mary flunked in most of the subjects. She was not the worst but she was not above average any more. Marys teacher was infuriated with the results of the class, which was not as she wanted. She felt a necessity to teach detain 10 rankers a lesson.What else could be better method than to physically torture the tiny press kids, so that they never forget the lesson the learned teacher was essay to hammer on them. In no time, last 10 rankers were asked to stand outside in the sun which was blazing at the peak summer noon. No prizes for guessing that our Mary was also asked to stand in the scorching heat. The summer sun was in addition harsh for the slender frame of Mary who could not sustain and passed out on the ground. She was immediately rushed in the shade and nursed.This incidence further worsen teachers indignation. It was difficult for her to believe that kids of Marys age can not sustain such punishments. She considered Mary to be faking the whole situation. instructor remembered the incidence and sought to vindicate it at the right opportunity. It did not take much time for the right opportunity to come in. The Semester exams were going on. Mary was trying her best to prepare for the difficult subjects. Her parents had asked me to take few classes for her as a favor. I agreed and started coaching Mary on the subjects.She was having good grasping precedent and unique ability to apply the knowledge as soon as acquired. Hence, my effort was quite less in teaching her and the output was beyond my expectation. I started liking to teach her. Mary was working very hard to make up the grades. She was doing well in her exams, she used to tell me. On the day of her last exam, Mary was quietly writing her paper. The paper was easy for her as she was well prepared. The teacher, as vindictive she was, was watching for a slight error from Mary so that she could throw her out of the exam hall.To Marys misfortune, the moment arrived. A quick gust of wind flew Marys question paper to her bloke students desk. As Mary went on to pick her question paper, she was confronted slapped hard by her teacher who left no stone un-turned in proving that she was cheating. Mary cried, cried and cried but it all went on deaf ears. Fortunately, for Mary, the principal of the school was passing by. She stopped and asked the reason for the commotion. Thankfully, the principal believed Mary and allowed her to complete her exams.This was the last straw for the class teacher to cons ider Mary her sworn enemy. To rub salt on her wounds, Marys result was just excellent in the semester exams. She had topped, though over all she was tertiary ranker but still there were six months to go and Mary hoped that she would be able to regain her original position. And then the fateful day arrived. It was one week, since the school opened and Mary was quite excited to learn the subjects further. She was quick to answer the questions asked in the class and was doing very well.Finally, on that day, the teacher got into an ego clash and asked Mary to explain something which was way beyond Marys scope of learning. The teacher, infuriated, threw the duster with full force towards Mary which unfortunately hit Mary directly at her temple. Immediate brain hemorrhage followed resulting in on-the-spot loss of a life which was definitely not meant to be going this way. The teacher was tried in the court but she was released due to lack of evidence and on the ground of accidental but n ot intended hit. Life is going on familiar for me or anyone else in the world, but definitely its no more a fair world for me

Sociological Explanations for Gender Differences in Crime

Sociological Explanations for Gender Differences in CrimeOutline and assess sociological explanations for gender differences in patterns of hatred.In recent years, based on the official statistics collected and recorded by the police, the number of people loadting crime has increased rapidly. There argon striking gender differences in the patterns of recorded crime. Wo hands break through to commit fewer crimes than men and, when they do offend, women tend to commit different kinds of crime from men. The question is, does women really commit fewer crimes than men? Or men were born to have a criminal instinct inside them? From functionalists perspective, women do not commit crime because of sexual theory and differences in the socialisation. For example, women perform the communicative lineament in the sign where they take the responsibility for socialising the children while men argon socialised to be tough, rough and risk taking and this cockeyed they be likely to commit ac ts of power or take advantage of criminal opportunities when they present themselves. In addition, functionalists argue that gender differences in patterns of crime are due to the control theory. For example, women are controlled and more likely to be at home, they are not in the pubs or clubs getting drunk which makes them hardly undetermined to commit crimes. While Interactionists refuse official statistics on crime and believe they are socially constructed. What is classed as crime or deviance is based on subjective decisions by agents of social controls (e.g. police and jury) which is likewise called as labelling theory. For instance, based on labeling theory, men get labeled as being violent and a criminal while women do not. Feminism, on the other hand, disagrees with both functionalism and interactionism, feminists theory is a radical theory. They accept that women do commit crime but they commit crime because of different reasons in comparison with other sociologists.There are a number of feminist perspectives.First and foremost, according to Marxist feminists, they claim that women are under oppression of a dominant power structure (patriarchal society). Marxist feminists argue that men often take advantage and great control over women which indirectly reduces women opportunities to commit crime.We can see women are controlled by men not just in a wider society but also at home and work.For example, housewives are required to spend most of their time at home taking care of the children and do all the house chores which impose severe restrictions on their time and movement and indirectly minimise their opportunities to offend.Women who try to reject their role as housewives may find that their partners will force them to do it through interior(prenominal) violence. As Dobash and Dobash (1979) show, many violent attacks result from mens dissatisfaction with their wives performance of domestic duties. These automatically shows that domestic violence are mostly committed by men. While at work, womens behaviour are controlled by male supervisors and managers and keep women in their places as most of them only given the opportunity to be in subordinate position.However, eventhough they are only given the lower position compare to men at work, women reduces their opportunities to involve in major criminal activity at work.Women are also controlled in public spaces by the threat or fear of male violence against them, especially sexual violence.Frances Heidensohn (1996) notes that sensationalist media reporting of rapes add to womens fear and fright them into staying indoors. For example, Women are more likely to stay at home before night as they are afraid something will happen if they are outside.Furthermore, women are controlled in public by their fear of being defined as not respectable. These eventually prevent women from committing crime such(prenominal) as prostitution as it will deviate them from the norms of the society. I n general, these patriarchal restrictions on womens lives mean they have fewer chances for crime. However Heidensohn recognizes that male dominated society can also displace women into crime.For example, women are more likely to be poor as they did not get the opportunity to get a job in a high position due to inequalities in gender. As a result, they will commit crime such as being a drug dealer or prostitution for them to live in a gracious life.Next, based on the results of unstructured interviews carried by Pat Carlen (1988) most convicted serious crime female criminals are working-class. People will turn to crime if they do not believe the rewards will be forthcoming and if the rewards of crime appear greater than the risks.Women are mainly led to comform through the promise of two types of rewards or deals.Firstly, women will find a job which will give them material rewards with a comfortable pattern of living and leisure opportunities which also called the class deal.Sec ondly, the gender deal for example, men promises their wives with material and emotional rewards if they conform to the norms of a traditional domestic gender role such as taking care of the children and doing housework. In return, if these rewards are not available or worth the effort women will choose to commit crime to replace the rewards.However in terms of class deal, women in working-class are more likely to offend than middle-class women.So even if working-class women fix up on efforts more than middle-class women do, they still have a limited way or could not even find an allowed way of earning a decent living and this will bring them to commit crime as a way for them to run from poverty. In terms of gender deal, because of the patriarchal family norms, most of the women every not had the chance to make the deal or saw few rewards and many disadvantages in family. As example, some of them might be subjected to domestic violence by partners.Many women cocluded that crime was the only route to a decent standard of living. They had nothing to lose and everything to gain, which is the reason why they do offend. Carlen conclude that, for these women, poverty and heavy family life were the main causes of their criminality.In general, Heidonsohn shows that male dominated society which control women helps to prevent women from deviating while Carlen shows that the failure of patriarchal society in delivering the promised deals to some women removes the controls which prevent them from offending. closing but not least, according to liberation feminist which is the closest type of feminism to the consensus view of society, nowadays women has flex liberated from patriarchy and led to a new type of female criminal and eventually rises the crime rate. As now women get the same opportunities received by men which have become more equal, such as in education, employment, and political activity they are now more likely to commit more serious crime such as violence and white-collar crimes. Women no longer commit traditional female crimes such as shoplifting and prostitution because they now have greater opportunities in the society.However, not all women got liberated, most of female criminals are working class who still commit traditional crimes.Liberation feminist point of view shows us the importance of investigating the relationship between changes in womens role affects changes in patterns of women offending.

Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers Theories Comparison

Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers Theories ComparisonIntroductionThis es show reviews the main(prenominal) beliefs of four mental c every(prenominal) iners, Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers, and one psychological rise, Trans soulal psychological science. In each case I outline the conjecture, as well as noting points of agreement and disagreement surrounded by them, roughlytimes drawing on my own experience.Each theory is reviewed under the following headings main(prenominal) ideasWork of and with the healerSimilarities and differences with other viewsFollowing the discussion of each theory, I stretch out some concluding remarks.Freud and Kleins psycho psychoanalysisSigmund Freud was born in Moravia in 1856, and died in England in 1939. His primary training was medical and scientific, and he consistently keep that his theory was to be understood as a scientific one. Among the most important scientific influences on his work came from the principle of the conservation of verve in physics. According to Helmholz the total quantity of muscle in a system is constant unless new energy is added, or energy is lost, the existing quantity can only change in radiation pattern and distri saveion. Freuds initial creative insight can be regarded as supposing that homo psychological science can be understood as an energy system. This en fitd him to offer an explanatory account of the behaviour of neurotic people in terms of the causes of their behaviour, instead of supposing that this behaviour was mysterious, random or inexplicable (Brown 1961, p2-3 Thornton 2006).Melanie Klein was born in capital of Austria in 1882 (making her a generation younger than Freud) and died in capital of the United Kingdom in 1960. Klein was a pioneer in applying psychoanalytic techniques to children, maintaining that play behaviour could provide the very(prenominal) sort of data as free association, and also argued (an idea that Freud came to accept) that people were also driv en towards death, or the ending of livelihood, as well as to the saving of animation (Brown 1961, p71f).Freud revised and modified his ideas repeatedly during his long career. It would take much space than this whole essay to review the changes, and I throw off other thinkers and approaches to discuss. In the following sub-section I outline some of the central commitments of Freud as they remain influential in practice today, making (for reasons of space) only limited reference to Klein.Main ideasFollowing Brown (1961) the following are the main components of Freuds views(1) Psychic determinism Freud was inspired by the principle of conservation of energy in physics, and maintained that human psychology was an energy system. What this meant specificall(a)y was that behaviours that had previously been regarded as accidental or meaningless (including dreams, tics, yawning, paralyses and slips of the tongue) could be shown as possible symptoms the psychoanalytic observer could se ek to get wind them as symptoms on the hypothesis that they represented energy that might not concord been allowed to itself themselves directly.(2) The role of the unconscious The symptomatic individual is typically unaware of the causes of her or his symptoms, and this is startly because they are not the sort of things that the subject penurys to acknowledge. The thought of a desired outcome or action is repressed because it is not acceptable, but the energy associated with it has to go somewhere (see (1) above) and so is substituted for something else with a non-obvious relationship. (If it was obvious, and so obvious to the patient, it wouldnt successfully be repressed.) Work is waitd to make the procedurees apparent, and to determine what to do round them.(3) Goal-oriented nature of behaviour All behaviour is for something, and repressed wishes cannot broadly be released in ways irrelevant to the target desire. This is part of why symptoms can be informative. Freud desc ribes a woman who had been disgusted by a person allowing a dog to drink from a glass, but refused to express the disgust because it would have been unprocessed and had become unable to drink water from glasses herself. This refusal was, he claims, reveal as a symptom by following up on her utter about her lady friend during free-association under hypnosis, where the forgotten episode was recalled, and after this the symptom disappeared (1962, p 36).(4) The exploitational or historical approach There is a characteristic cycle to human psychological development, closely associated with sexuality. Sex here is understood widely, to include the full range of pleasurable sensation over unlike regions of the body. Freud maintained that ordinarily people went finished a series of coiffures, the first three broadly associated with a region of the body oral (first 18 months), thence anal (18 months to 3 years), then phallic (ages 3 to 6 years), and a latency period during which pregen ital desires were largely repressed (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p35). Finally during adolescence a genital stage begins. Each of these stages involves various kinds of engagement (over access to the breast, toilet training, etc.) and these formative conflicts are, according to Freud, often the basis of later neurosis. Also we face an ongoing conflict in the midst of our instincts (for pleasure and life, but also for aggressive conflict and death) and the demands of social and institutional living, which begin in the family. This conflict between libido and reality is a major mention of repression, but makes individuals unlikely to know why they are behaving as they are. The normal or ruddy individual is not immune to the conflict ( creation so, for Freud, would require abandoning civilisation, or lacking the instincts) but is more flexible and fluent at handling the conflict, more aware of what she or he is doing when denying an instinctual urge, and better able to participate in determining how restrained urges can be substituted or managed without repression.Klein (Fordham 1995, p47f), as noted, pioneered the application of analytic techniques with small children, partly by observing their play behaviour, and partly through discussion.1 Fordham describes one of her case studies, of a child called Richard, during the second globe war. Richard was ten years old at the time. Klein interprets his conflicting responses to parents (e.g. a castration anxiety relate to being lied to about a circumcision procedure Fordham 1995, p51) and his construction of an account of the insides of peoples bodies, including his own, and that of his parents, especially that of his mother prior to his birth.Work of and with the therapistThe Freudian analyst helps partly by listening, or simply by being at that place while the patient free-associates and works through the things she or he says during the process. In Freuds view this process could enable the unconscious to b e brought to consciousness, and patients come to understand how it is that they partly resist abandoning their symptoms (because theyre goal-oriented, even if non-optimal). The hope is that the unsymptomatic individual allow be better able to satisfy her or his drives.The analyst does more than simply listen, of course, and her or his questioning and participation uses or facilitates a variety of procedures (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p39), including encounter, clarification, interpretation and working through, which are intended to help uncover repression (manifest in resistance to free association), and to manage the common transference where uncovered drives are directed at the analyst, who is a highly convenient and sympathetic target for them.The healthy individual, for Freud, is one who is flexibly able to navigate the inevitable conflict between ego and reality. As Adam Phillips displaces itFreudians believe we are inevitably violated both from within and without our ego s are violated by our desires and what happens to us. So the Freudian cannot imagine a life without defences, but only a life spent trying to protect himself from this life in order to be able to go on living it, with sufficient pleasure (2000, p161-2).Similarities and differences with other viewsFreuds work exerted massive influence on later psychology, and he interacted directly with a result of the figures Ill consider later. Im going to use this correspondentities and differences sub-section cumulatively, as I add detail about the divers(prenominal) theories, and so have no more to say in this first round.I find one of Freuds most basic ideas, the psychic determinism, interesting and exciting. If hes correct, then a skilled observer can find meaning in patterns of behaviour that would otherwise be regarded as random noise. Ive been given over reason to observe patterns in my own behaviour more thoughtfully as a result of this Im not generally a tardy person, and now when I forget something that I need for some unpleasant task (a piece of musical theme I need for some irksome administrative matter at the bank) or am late more than once for a meeting a particular person, I at to the lowest degree wonder whether these episodes arent in some way motivated, and what Im both remembering and forgetting while I do it.Jungs analytical psychologyCarl Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875, where he died in 1961. He initially collaborated intensely with Freud, but in 1910 resigned as Chairman of the International Psychoanalytical Association. His approach is called analytical psychology partly in order to make clear that it involves a departure from Freuds psycho-analysis.Main ideasJung shared with Freud the notion that an important part of the psychology of an individual person was the unconscious, and that dreams and other behaviour provides clues about what was going on there. As Fordham (1995, p79f) notes, Jung was dissatisfied with what he took to be the mechanical nature of Freudian explanations, and preferred to think of the process of analysis as one of interpretation, leading to understanding of meaning rather than causal processes. He regarded symbols are much more important than Freud did. In addition he disagreed with Freud about the importance of the libido and sexual drives, maintaining that, especially in later life, people tended towards an additional stage of development, which involved acknowledgment of the self in relation to the collective unconscious which is an inherited part of the unconscious, shared with others. This process was, according to Jung, significantly spi ritual and even religious.This notion of the collective unconscious was a clear departure from Freud. Jung claimed to find recurring and universal archetypes (of key processes such as death and marriage Brooke 1991, p16) in world mythologies, folklore and religion, and maintained that dreams should be interpreted in the context of this common inher itance, a process that he called amplification (Fordham 1995, p87). For Jung, neurosis was often related to a failure to wage self-knowledge which in turn involved achieving a better level of connectedness with what he took to be human universals.Fordham quotes a passage from Jung illustrating his rejection of aspects of Freuds viewThe symptoms of a neurosis are not simply the effects of long-past causes, whether infantile sexuality or the infantile urge to power they are also attempts at a new synthesis of life unsuccessful attempts, let it be added in the same(p) breath, but attempts nevertheless, with a core of value and meaning. They are seeds that fail to shoot down owing to the inclement conditions of an inner and outer nature (Quoted in Fordham 1995, p81).Work of and with the therapistAlthough some of the tools of the Jungian therapist (free association, dream analysis) are the same as those of the Freudian, there are important differences in the point and intended outcome of the process.Because the Jungian believes in the collective unconscious, dreams and associations are not understood merely as expressions of a constrained energy system, but also as indications of a relationship with universal sources of human meaning, including spiritual ones. Interpretation is partly a process of amplification (Fordham 1995, p87) informed by the therapists understanding of the collective unconscious. As Fordham notes, Jung did not enter into details of the analyst-patient relation and suggests that Jung may not have been especially interested in this, relying rather heavily on the analysts native intelligence (Fordham 1995, p127).Similarities and differences with other viewsThe main differences I can see between Jung and Freud are the ones Ive noted Jung was less impressed by the role of the libido, and more inclined to take seriously the spiritual content of what his subjects said. The healthy subject after Jungian therapy is generically similar to the patient after psycho-analysis, except that for Jung such a person, if an grownup, will be willingly involved in the spiritual. Fordham quotes Jung saying that the fascination which psychic life exerts upon modern man holds the promise of a far-reaching spiritual change in the Western world (Fordham 1995, p91).The dis sende with Freud regarding whether analysis produced causal explanations or interpretations seems to me like it could be unnecessary. A symptom could at the same time have a cause (because of being the substituted expression of a desire) and a symbolic meaning (because associations between ideas help determine what gets substituted). It seems right to take somewhat more seriously the spiritual experience of people (Ill say more about this under transpersonal therapy) but that doesnt have to mean supposing that what subjects report is true. Freuds patient (described above) was for a while disgusted by all glasses of water, but not because there was actually eitherthing wrong w ith them.Rogers Person Centred TherapyCarl Rogers was born in the United States of America in 1902, where he also died in 1987. His work, which therefore came after the main contributions of Freud and Jung described above, emphasised the humanistic idea that therapists technical skills were less important than their humanity, which he understood to require bringing dispositions such as unconditional positive regard and genuineness to the therapeutic process.Main ideasAccording to Rogers people are driven by a single tendency toward actualization (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p142), which is a tendency to develop capacities so as to maintain or enhance the organism. This tendency needs to be able to tell what maintains or enhances, and accordingly Rogers postulated an organismic valuing process that distinguishes between experiences that are good and bad for growth. This tendency leads us to distinguish ourselves from the world (this is just about similar to some of Freuds thinking about the formation of infant identity through recognising the independence of the world) and come to need positive regard for ourselves.Our main source of regard, not only positive, to begin with is other people, especially parents. We learn that their approval depends to some extent on what we do, and there can be a mis-match between what is actualizing in general (in the sense of good for growth by the lights of the organismic valuation process) and what is actualizing in the sense of leading to positive regard from others. To put one of my own experiences in these terms, we might learn that we get positive regard by not taking the last cup-cake, even though we intensely want it and are bewildered by the fact that nobody else seems to want it at all. This tension creates conditions of worth (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p143) that distort the expression of the tendency to actualise.Work of and with the therapistThe aim of therapy according to Rogers is to provide a relationship w hich the client/patient may use for his own personal growth (Rogers 1961, p32), which is a matter of freeing up the tendency we all have to actualisation. According to Prochaska and Norcross (2003, p146f) that there are five conditions besides being in the relationship itself for therapeutic personality changes Vulnerability, Genuineness, Unconditional confirmatory Regard, Accurate Empathy, Perception of Genuineness. Vulnerability concerns the clients awareness of her or his own state of incongruence and hence vulnerability to anxiety. Genuiness is the required state of the therapist, who should be freely and deeply themselves (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p147) while in the therapeutic process, to be aware of her or his own feelings, in so far as possible, rather than presenting an outward fa fruit drink of one attitude, while actually holding another (Rogers 1961, p33). At the same time the therapist must express the unconditional positive regard which is the restorative to the conditional positive regard from others that Rogerians take to be the cause of incongruence, a process in turn demanding accurate empathy of the clients inner world (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p147) which involves not filtering empathy through personal reactions (and so is an additional demand over and above genuineness. Finally the client must recognise the genuineness of the therapist.In this environment, it is up to the client what to talk about. In this non-directive (as in, not directed by the therapist) environment, the client will, according to Rogers, realise a capacity that everyone has to move forward toward maturity date (Rogers 1961, p35). The result is supposed to be that the client becomes more integrated, more effective and to show fewer of the characteristics which are usually termed neurotic or psychotic, and more of the characteristics of the healthy, well-functioning person (Rogers 1961, p36). Part of this depends on the unconditional positive regard of the th erapist, through which the client can come to reassess her or his incongruence. In a hypothetical soliloquy from a client in therapy, Rogers writesBut now that Ive shared some of this bad side of me, he despises me. Im sure of it, but its strange I can find little evidence of it. Do you suppose that what Ive told him isnt so bad? Is it possible that I need not be ashamed of it as a part of me? I no longer feel that he despises me. It makes me feel that I want to go further, exploring me, perhaps expressing more of myself (Rogers 1961, p67).When the process works, the subject becomes a fully functioning individual (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p156) who trusts her or his own actual emotional responses to what they experience, and the courses of action that they spontaneously feel are best. Such a person lives fully in the present not filtering the present through past hurts, or leaving any of the present out.Similarities and differences with other viewsA Freudian would likely objec t that the Rogerian approach involving unconditional positive regard provides a transference relationship that has all the elements of an see maternal love (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p164), and also think that Rogers style of therapy missed out on important tools (free association) that Freud had showed could be useful. That said, the subject at the end of successful Rogerian therapy is similar to that supposed by Freud aware of his or her own actual emotions, authentically accepting of how they deal with them, not limited by distortions from previous experience. Some of the conflicts Freudians think are important (for example over access to the breast, or toilet training) can be described in terms of conditional positive regard. It also seems to me that Rogers has done a great deal of good by devoting so much attention to thinking about the relationship between client and therapist, and the demands on the therapist.Freudians would probably also agree with the fact that Rogers apparently didnt take religion very seriously. A Jungian, on the other hand, might complain that Rogers doesnt take the spiritual anywhere nearly seriously enough, and that his approach neglects important information about human psychology that are to be found in mythology and folklore. (Earlier in a passage quoted above, Jung notes that modern man has become unhistorical (Fordham 1995, p91).Finally, Rogers concern with selfactualisation, though, seems to me to make too much of what might be a specifically North American, or middle class, pre-occupation with the individual (Prochaska and Norcross make a similar point 2003, p164).Transpersonal PsychologyTranspersonal psychology is the name for a wide range of different approaches to therapy. Unlike the approaches discussed above, it is not primarily associated with a single influential figure. Lajoie and Shapiro (1992) reviewed some of the literature over the period 1969-1991, and report no less than forty different descriptions of what transpersonal psychology amounts to. Although in some ways the term is new, some argue that the ideas it stands for are not. Kasprow and Scotton, for example, trace the roots of transpersonal psychology at least to William James who had argued that the testing of spiritual experience should be its effect on people, rather than pre-emptively supposing with Freud that it was a kind of regressive defence (Kasprow and Scotton 1999, p12, 13, 15). They claim that what distinguishes transpersonal psychology, and gives it its name, is concern with difficulties associated with developmental stages beyond that of the adult ego, and it is this movement beyond the ego that merits the label transpersonal. As we saw above, Jung too was concerned with psychological development beyond adulthood, and with mystical experience (Fordham 1995, p135). He is often noted as an influence on transpersonal psychology. Another key figure is Abraham Maslow, born in 1908 and who died in 1970, so with a pro ductive life largely overlapping with that of Rogers.Main ideasLike Rogers, Maslow was a kind of humanist Rogers whose client centred therapy is a form of humanistic psychology, and he and Maslow agreed that people had infixed potential and desire for self-actualisation. Maslow is especially famous for his periodically revised hierarchy of needs describing a number of groupings of needs he took to be common to all people, some of which (e.g. for sleep) needed to be satisfied before others. In the original formulations (Maslow 1943, 1954) the top level of needs was for self-actualization which included morality and creativity. Later in his life he proposed that the top level included a state that some self-actualised people might achieve, which he called transcendence (Maslow 1971). Transcendence here is self-transcendence, and so refers to the same phenomenon as the transpersonal in transpersonal psychology. As Kasprow and Scotton (1999, p13) put it, transpersonal approaches are co ncerned with accessing and integrating developmental stages beyond the adult ego and with fostering higher human development and this involves dealing with matters relating to human values and spiritual experience including altruism and profound feelings of connectedness.Work of and with the therapistBecause transpersonal psychology is a large collection of approaches, there is more variation in how practitioners work. This makes it very difficult to offer a short summary. In general practice is humanist very simply put its Rogers with a spiritual aspect, or Rogers mixed with some elements of Jung, including focus on symbolic interpretation of imagery. But there are a number of distinctive tools used by some practitioners that are not generally used by proponents of the approaches described above, including use of altered states of consciousness besides those of hypnosis and being on the therapists couch, including by means of some of the tools used traditionally and in shamanisti c and religious practice to achieve altered states, including fasting, dancing, prayer, relaxation, sex, ritual and drugs (Kasprow and Scotton 1999, p18).Given the focus on transcendent experience, it isnt surprising that a significant fraction of transpersonal practice relates to experiences like bereavement (Golsworthy and Coyle, 2001)2 or that it has been found generally useful in pastoral counselling (Sutherland, 2001).3Similarities and differences with other viewsNow that all four approaches have been described, it is possible to say something more general about relationships between them. Freud and Rogers are both relatively secular in orientation. Jung and Transpersonal psychology both take spiritual and transcendent experience more seriously. Rogers and at least some transpersonal psychologists (including Maslow) are clearly humanist. Despite their differences, they have in some ways similar conceptions of the healthy human being, who is free from some forms of conflict, and able to cope flexibly with life. They differ on what the world is like, in particular over the status of transcendent experience, and over the degree of individualism to be aimed for (with Rogers seeming the most individualistic).ReferencesBrooke, R. 1991. Jung and Phenomenology, London Routledge.Brown, J.A.C. 1961. Freud and the Post-Freudians, London Pelican.Fordham, M. 1995. Freud, Jung, Klein The fenceless field, London Routledge.Freud, S. 1962. Two Short Accounts of Psychoanalysis (translated and edited by James Strachey), London Penguin.Golsworthy, R. and Coyle, A. 2001. Practitioners accounts of religious and spiritual dimensions in bereavement therapy, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14(3), pp 183202.Kasprow, M.C. and Scotton, B.W. 1999. A Review of Transpersonal Theory and Its application to the Practice of Psychotherapy. Journal ofPsychotherapy Practiceand Research, 8(1), pp 12-23.Lajoie, D. H. Shapiro, S. I. (1992).Definitions of transpersonal psychology The first twe nty-three years. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 24(1), pp 79-98..Maslow, A.H. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, 50 pp 370-96.Maslow, A.H 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York Harper.Maslow, A.H. 1971. The farther reaches of human nature. New York Penguin.Phillips, A. 2000. Promises, Promises. London Faber and Faber.Prochaska, J.O. and Norcross, J.C. 2003. Systems of Psychotherapy A Transtheoretical Analysis, Pacific Grove Thomson.Rogers, C.R. 1961. On Becoming a Person A therapists view of psychotherapy, London Constable.Sutherland, M. 2001. Developing a transpersonal approach to pastoral counselling, British Journal of Guidance Counselling, 29(4), pp 381-390.Thornton, S.P. 2006. Sigmund Freud Internet Enclycopedia of Philosophy, URL http//www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.htm (Accessed 8 family line 2008).1Footnotes1 Fordham notes that the earliest application of analysis to a child of which he is aware was to a child aged 13 months, a process that was b ut at all verbal (Fordham 1995, p145).2 This paper also reports a common frustration that much mainstream therapy ignores or underplays religious experience, which is likely part of the appeal of transpersonal psychology.3 This paper reports the same frustration as described in the previous footnote, from the specific perspective of clerics who may have received training in secular forms of psychological counselling.